Gynecomastia is an abnormal condition characterized by the formation of firm breast tissue in men. The breast tissue growth is typically less than an inch wide and is usually beneath the nipple. This condition may affect one side or both breasts. Numerous diseases and disorders can cause gynecomastia in adolescents. Determining the reason behind the breast tissue growth can help clinicians choose the best method of treatment for the patient.
Hormonal Imbalance
The body produces the hormones testosterone and estrogen, and these hormones are responsible for the proper progression of sexual characteristics in adolescents. Testosterone is the hormone that regulates muscle mass and body hair, while estrogen, in males, controls bone density, breast tissue growth, sperm production and mood. When these two hormones are in balance, no abnormalities occur. However, if there is an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen, the patient can experience body and mood changes.
One of the more common imbalances is excessive estrogen in the presence of inadequate amounts of testosterone. This condition, which is common in adolescents undergoing puberty, can cause gynecomastia. The large amount of estrogen stimulates the growth of breast tissue in males. Typically, the gynecomastia caused by this hormonal imbalance will resolve without treatment in six months to three years.
Medications
Many different kinds of medications can cause gynecomastia, according to FamilyDoctor.org. Various AIDS drugs, antibiotics like ketconazole and metronidazole, chemotherapy, the diuretic spironolactone, tricyclic antidepressants and some ulcer medications have all been linked to gynecomastia in adolescents. These drugs can either directly stimulate the growth of breast tissue or affect the hormonal balance within the patient's body.
Illegal Substances
Various illegal substances can cause gynecomastia, states the Mayo Clinic. Illegal drugs that adolescents may take include anabolic steroids, alcohol, amphetamines, marijuana and heroin. All of these drugs can cause gynecomastia, among many other adverse side effects. The breast growth happens slowly and may not be noticeable by the patient at first. However, chronic use of the drug in some adolescents has led to noticeable gynecomastia.
Overactive Thyroid Gland
A patient suffering from an overactive thyroid gland, or hyperthyroidism, can develop gynecomastia, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. In these patients, the thyroid gland is producing massive amounts of thyroid hormone. This can interfere with the normal balance of hormones. Treatment for the overactive thyroid gland will also cure any gynecomastia experienced by the patient.
