Medical researchers call uncontrolled motions of the eyes nystagmus. The condition can cause the eyes to have circular motion, to move down and up, or to move side to side in repetitive patterns. It can interfere with normal vision. Two subcategories of nystagmus--jerk nystagmus and pendular nystagmus--exist.
Genetics
Congenital problems such as albinism and cataracts can cause nystagmus, according to the American Optometric Association.
Albinism is a condition in which the body cannot produce melanin, a substance that determines color in the eyes, skin and hair. The type that can cause nystagmus, oculocutaneous albinism, also may cause other vision problems.
Cataracts cloud the eyes, making vision difficult. Most people think of cataracts as occurring later in life. In this case, however, the cataracts that are associated with nystagmus are present at birth.
Medications
People with epilepsy typically take anticonvulsant medications, such as gabapentin and divalproex, to control their seizures. These medications can induce a variety of side effects, including nystagmus.
Disease
Diseases that affect the person's central nervous system also can cause nystagmus. Such diseases as multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease and Tourette syndrome classify as diseases of the nervous system. They reduce people's control over their own bodies, including how they focus and use their eyesight. As this type of disease progress, it can gradually become harder for patients to keep their muscles under control, including the muscles controlling the eye, resulting in nystagmus.
Injury
Injuries caused in accidents also may cause nystagmus. Injuries such as head trauma or those that directly affect the central nervous system may result in nystagmus.
Myopia and Astigmatism
Myopia, also called nearsightedness, commonly occurs in many people, making it difficult for them to focus on objects and people that are far away from them. In some severe cases, the American Optometric Association states, it can cause the person to develop nystagmus. An astigmatism, a condition in which a defect in the cornea prevents clear vision, also may induce nystagmus if the problem is severe.
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