Pap smears are generally done as part of a routine gynecological exam. With this test some of the cells on the surface of the cervix are removed using a swab and later examined using a microscope. This test looks for abnormal cells which could indicate cervical cancer.
Causes
There are a number of different conditions that can lead to abnormal cells found on a Pap smear, the American Pregnancy Association explains. A vaginal infection, such as trichomoniasis, herpes or other sexually transmitted diseases can cause abnormal Pap smear results. Recent sexual activity can also cause abnormal cells to appear on a Pap smear. An infection with human papillomavirus, HPV, is another possibility. Finally, a Pap smear can identify cervical dysplasia, which is a precancerous condition marked by genetic changes in cervical cells.
Types of Abnormal Cells
Abnormal cells on a Pap smear can take many forms, states FamilyDoctor.org. Atypical squamous cells is a common result; squamous cells line the cervix. These cells can either be identified as atypical squamous cells of unknown significance, which means that they are simply unusual. Atypical squamous cells may also indicate high-grade dysplasia, which means that the cervical cells are very abnormal and could become cancerous. Other possible results include low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, which often results because of HPV, inflammation and hyperkeratosis. Two other kinds of abnormal results include atypical glandular cells and squamous cancer cells. These types of cells typically prove more dangerous and may require treatment.
HPV Testing
Women with abnormal Pap smears may be tested for the presence of the human papillomavirus, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists explains. The human papillomavirus can cause a variety of skin problems, including genital warts. Some strains of this virus can cause genetic changes in the cervical cells that can lead to cervical cancer. HPV testing typically looks for DNA associated with these high-risk strains of HPV. Women who have been infected with these more dangerous HPV strains may need more thorough followup testing and/or treatment.
Followup
Often women with an abnormal Pap smear will need to get an additional test a few months later, which can determine if changes have occurred in the abnormal cells. Patients may also receive a procedure called a colposcopy. This procedure allows a doctor to look through a magnifying device at the cervix to better look at the tissue, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists notes. Physicians may examine any abnormal tissue by taking a biopsy, which allows for examination of the cells under a microscope.
Treatment
Ultimately, some patients who have abnormal cells on their Pap smear may need some treatment. One procedure, called a loop electrosurgical excision procedure, uses a wire with an electrical current to cut away the problematic tissue. Cryosurgery freezes the abnormal tissue, which will later fall off. Laser surgery can burn away any abnormal growths.
