The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles and heel, providing support for many activities of the foot and leg. This important structure often incurs damage because of overuse or injury, hampering a person's ability to carry out daily tasks. Fortunately, Achilles tendon injuries tend to be repairable.
Anatomy
The Achilles tendon is on the back of the lower leg. It is the largest tendon in the human body. The top of the Achilles tendon connects to the muscles of the calf, the lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius and soleus. The bottom of the tendon attaches to the calcaneus, the heel bone. Like all tendons, the Achilles tendon is made of connective tissue and has poor blood supply, according to the American Association of Family Physicians. Small fluid-filled structures called bursae protect the area where the tendon connects to the heel bone, cushioning the tendon on both sides.
Function
During normal walking, the joint between the bones of the calf and foot may move up to 30 degrees, according to the American Association of Family Physicians. The Achilles tendon supports this motion by stretching and contracting between 2 cm to 3 cm. Contracting the Achilles tendon allows for walking, running, jumping and standing on the toes. The tendon takes on the weight of the entire body with every step.
Name
The Achilles tendon is named after the Greek hero, Achilles. In Greek mythology, Achilles' mother dipped him in the River Styx to make him invulnerable to harm. But because she held him by his heel, that part did not receive the water's protective properties. Later, during the Trojan War, Achilles died when he was shot in the heel with an arrow. The scientific name of the tendon is the calcaneal tendon.
Injuries
Pain in the heel or back of the calf can be a sign of a problem with the Achilles tendon. Achilles tendinitis, an inflammation of the tendon, is a common problem among those who play recreational sports or otherwise perform repetitive motion that damages the tendon. The Achilles tendon also can sustain a tear or rupture, which can be partial or completely across the tendon, severing it. Injuries to the Achilles tendon may heal on their own, or they can be treated with injected medicines or surgery.
Care
Caring for the Achilles tendon mainly involves preventing injuries to the area. People who practice sports activities that include a lot of jumping or running should stretch the tendon and legs before starting the activity. Embarking on a daily stretching regimen may also help keep the tendon limber and prevent accidental injury. Concerned individuals should always wear footwear that support the feet well, avoid placing excess strain on the tendon and start any new activity slowly and gradually, according to the Mayo Clinic.
