Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by swelling between the discs of the back as well as in the joints of the spine and pelvis. An autoimmune disease causes the body's infection-fighting antibodies to attack its own healthy tissues. Early symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis include back pain and stiffness. Over time, the spinal discs fuse together, limiting movement. There is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, but treatment and medications may relieve pain and stiffness and slow the progression of the disease.
NSAIDS
Physicians commonly prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and naproxen. NSAIDS can help relieve patients pain, inflammation and stiffness. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Side effects of prolonged NSAID use can include intestinal or stomach bleeding and, in rare cases, kidney and liver problems.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, work to suppress inflammation and slow the progression of joint damage in advanced cases of ankylosing spondylitis, according to the Mayo Clinic website. Long-term usage of corticosteroids has many side effects, including increased appetite, nervousness, restlessness, increased blood sugar, increased risk for infection, rapid weight gain and bloody, black or tarry stools.
TNF Blockers
A TNF blocker, or tumor necrosis factor blocker, works by blocking the cell protein that causes inflammation in alkylosing spondylitis, helping to alleviate the pain, swelling, stiffness and tenderness of affected joints. Medications in this class include adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab. The Mayo Clinic website warns that TNF blockers may reactivate latent infections such as tuberculosis as well as cause certain neurological problems. Side effects of TNF blockers are usually mild but can include headache, mild pain, swelling, nausea and sinus inflammation.
DMARDS
Physicians prescribe disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or DMARDS, to help limit the amount of joint damage that occurs as a result of alkylosing spondylitis. Medications in this class include methotrexate and sulfasalazine. There are many side effects associated with these medications, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, blurred vision and bleeding gums. Patients should alert their physicians if they experience shortness of breath; liver failure; sore throat; and headache with severe blistering, peeling and red skin rash; blood in urine and stools; diarrhea; white patches in the mouth.
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy can help with improved flexibility and range of motion. Physical therapists will create a plan for the patient to help slow the progression of the illness. Exercises may help improve and maintain posture as the illness worsens. Patients may also benefit from lung exercises, which may help to sustain and enhance lung capacity over time.
