Swollen gums can cause mild to severe pain and may lead to other dental problems. Mildly swollen gums from a known irritant, such as brushing too hard, may heal on their own with no medical intervention needed. Severe cases often require further medical or dental treatment to ease pain and inflammation and prevent further problems.
Causes
Swollen gums may result from a direct irritant or injury. Brushing too hard or using a toothbrush with bristles that are very stiff can irritate the gum line, causing them to bleed or swell. A food or drug allergy may also lead to gum irritation, causing the small bits of gum between your teeth to become inflamed. Viruses and infections in the mouth or throat may manifest themselves through the gums. One of the most common causes for swollen gums is gingivitis, a mild form of gum disease. Gingivitis is usually accompanied by bleeding and sensitivity. Pregnant women and people who do not practice proper oral hygiene are more likely to develop gingivitis.
At-Home Care
You can usually treat minor gum swelling at home, though it is important to seek medical treatment if your symptoms do not improve or if your swollen gums are accompanied by bleeding, a fever or extreme pain. Mouthwashes, alcohol, tobacco, spicy foods and hot beverages can all irritate your gums, increasing inflammation. It is best to avoid anything that irritates the soft tissues of your mouth when your gums are swollen. Practicing good oral hygiene is important and using a soft-bristled toothbrush and a mild toothpaste made for sensitive teeth and gums can help minimize irritation. Rinsing your mouth with lukewarm saltwater or using an over-the-counter topical anesthetic indicated for oral use can also help.
Medical/Dental Care
A professional dental cleaning is often necessary for swollen gums that do not improve with home treatment. It is especially important to receive a professional cleaning if your swollen gums are a symptom of gingivitis. Your dentist may also prescribe an antiseptic mouth rinse to help clear the infection. Your dentist may also recommend further dental work on bridges, crowns or broken teeth to make it easier for you to clean your teeth properly and prevent excess plaque buildup.
Complications
Untreated gum problems, particularly gingivitis, can lead to serious complications. Severe gingivitis can cause you to develop more serious forms of gum disease, such as periodontis, which can cause tooth loss from decaying gums and even increase your risk of stroke and heart attack, warns MayoClinic.com. Pregnant women with gum disease have a higher risk of giving birth prematurely than women who do not have gum problems.
Prevention
Proper nutrition and good oral hygiene are the most important steps to preventing swollen gums and other dental problems. Brushing your teeth and flossing at least twice a day can help keep dental problems at bay, according to MayoClinic.com. Brushing your teeth after every meal and snack is preferable if your circumstances allow you to do so. You should see your dentist twice a year for regular cleanings and checkups, though you may require more frequent cleanings if you have ongoing dental problems or are at high risk for developing gingivitis. It is important to follow your doctor's and dentist's recommendations for good oral health.
