The first signs and symptoms of the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV can arise within two to four weeks following exposure to this infection. People who have unprotected sexual intercourse or engage in needle sharing during IV drug use are at the highest risk of contracting or spreading the infection. Currently, there is no cure for HIV or AIDS--the advanced form of HIV--though medications are available to help slow the progression of the signs and symptoms of HIV.
Flu-like Symptoms
The first stage of HIV infection occurs within the first month following HIV exposure and is also referred to as primary or acute HIV infection. Nearly 70 percent of HIV-infected patients develop flu-like symptoms during this early stage of infection, reports the San Francisco AIDS Foundation. Flu-like HIV symptoms can include fever, muscle aches, fatigue, sore throat, headache, malaise or decreased appetite. These symptoms typically persist for approximately one to two weeks before subsiding.
Swollen Lymph Glands
In healthy people, the lymph glands work as part of the endocrine system to remove pathogenic substances, such as bacteria or viruses, from the bloodstream. When bacteria or viruses are removed from the bloodstream, the lymph glands can become temporarily swollen. Due to this natural immune response, HIV-infected patients can develop enlarged or swollen lymph glands as a first sign of infection. This sign of HIV infection most commonly arises within the neck or armpits. Swollen lymph glands are typically painless but may persist for several months or years in patients with HIV.
Skin Rash
Patients with HIV can develop a skin rash shortly after fever symptoms arise. Red, irritated patches of skin typically appear across the chest, neck or face, but may also spread to the legs or arms. The affected skin regions may also appear swollen or inflamed and may be tender to the touch. Skin rash symptoms generally resolve within five to eight days of onset.
Oral Skin Lesions
Oral skin lesions can emerge as an early sign of HIV infection in certain patients. Affected patients can develop small, red ulcers along the gums, tongue, throat or inside of the cheeks. These oral ulcers can be painful and may contribute to additional symptoms, including sore throat or decreased appetite.
