Kidney dialysis is required during end-stage renal failure if the patient does not receive a kidney transplant. Most patients do not undergo kidney dialysis until only 10 percent of kidney function remains, according to the National Institutes of Health. Dialysis involves filtering the blood using a mechanical device that replaces the function of the diseased kidneys. Blood is filtered to remove waste products, restore electrolytes and fluid imbalances, and control blood pressure. Most patients receive three to five hours of dialysis three times per week, according to the Merck Manual.
Infection
The venous access point, or peritoneal catheter, where the dialysis machine attaches to the body can become infected, leading to serious complications. A dialysis patient should strive to keep the access point clean and prevent any injury to the site, recommends the Georgia Department of Community Health. Signs of infection include redness, swelling, tenderness at the site and discharge.
Anemia
The National Institutes of Health report that most dialysis patients are anemic, a common side effect of end-stage kidney disease and dialysis treatment. Anemia happens when the body doesn't produce enough red blood cells; red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues and muscles. Decreased red blood cells lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness and fatigue, according to the National Institutes of Health. Conditions contributing to anemia include diet restrictions, removal of iron and vitamins via dialysis, as well as blood loss from dialysis.
Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis
Patients who receive dialysis for over five years increase their risk of amyloidosis. The Mayo Clinic explains that amyloidosis occurs when protein in the blood adheres to joints, tendons and bones. Symptoms include pain, stiffness and increased fluid in the joints. Hollow cavities or pits may develop in some patients, leading to weakened bones and bone fractures. Nearly half of patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis also develop carpal tunnel syndrome due to the buildup of proteins in the wrist. Symptoms of carpal tunnel include numbness and pain in the wrist. There is no cure for dialysis-related amyloidosis; patients who want to stop the disease from progressing must receive a kidney transplant, advises the National Institutes of Health.
Fluid Overload
Fluid overload occurs when the body holds too much of the dialysis fluid in the body for an extended period of time, causing the body to absorb some of the fluid. Heart failure or swelling of the lungs may occur, reports the Mayo Clinic. Additional signs of fluid overload include sudden weight gain, swollen eyes and extremities, as well as increased blood pressure.
