Several factors combine to cause acne. The Mayo Clinic explains that acne is an inflammation of the skin caused by clogged pores. Excess oil known as sebum, bacteria and dead skin cells can all clog the skin's pores. Effective acne treatments target one or more of these contributing factors. Exfoliation is essential to fighting acne because of the role dead skin cells play in the formation of acne. Certain ingredients are commonly used in acne exfoliants for their ability to strip dead skin cells from the skin.
Benzoyl Peroxide
Found in cleansers, soaps, creams, lotions and gels, benzoyl peroxide is a staple of acne treatment products and considered one of the best, according to the Mayo Clinic. Not only does it function as an exfoliant, but it also kills the acne-causing bacterium Propionibacterium acnes and strips excess oil from the skin. Benzoyl peroxide is available in over-the-counter and prescription products and is suited for mild to moderate acne. The treatment should be used once or twice a day, according to the National Institutes of Health. Products with benzoyl peroxide should be applied to clean, dry skin. Typical side effects include dry, peeling or stinging skin, or a warm or tingling sensation.
Salicylic Acid
Salicylic acid is found in a wide variety of over-the-counter acne treatment products, from topical applications and shampoos to pads and patches. Not only does it exfoliate dead skin cells, it may also help destroy blackheads and whiteheads, states the Mayo Clinic. The National Institutes of Health states that salicylic acid can be used several times a day with some products, but must be used more sparingly with others. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's directions and warnings listed on the package. Only apply salicylic acid to problem areas and don't use it on irritated, swollen, broken or infected skin. Skin irritation and stinging are the most common side effects of salicylic acid.
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
Several types of alpha hydroxy acid is used in over-the-counter acne treatment products for its ability to remove dead skin cells from pores. Glycolic acid, lactic acid and citric acid are the most commonly used alpha hydroxy acids. These ingredients are also beneficial for reducing inflammation. Guidelines for safe and effective use varies from product to product and between types of alpha hydroxy acids, so always adhere to the manufacturer's instructions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration cautions that alpha hydroxy acids increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and risk of sunburn. Take precautions when using acne treatments with alpha hydroxy acids by wearing sunblock and protective clothing, and continue for up to one week after cessation.
Sulfur
Sulfur is added to many acne products for its ability to exfoliate the skin and remove excess oil, explains the Mayo Clinic. It is generally used in combination with other acne-fighting active ingredients, such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid and resorcinol. Sulfur can give a product an unpleasant smell and its most common side effect is dry skin.
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