As a person ages, there are physical changes that happen in the structure and the effectiveness of the skin. These changes are caused by a combination of both internal and external factors that can affect how quickly and to what degree the aging process occurs. Aging skin is at risk for certain problems and conditions and requires careful management to stay healthy.
Structure
The structure of the skin becomes less firm as the underlying fat layer is diminished. Blood vessels in the deepest layer of the skin become more fragile, which can cause a tendency to bruise more easily. The skin also loses strength and elasticity over time. The uppermost layer of the skin, the epidermis, also becomes thinner, and dead skin cells are not shed as quickly.
Appearance
As skin loses elasticity, sagging and wrinkles become more apparent. Skin appears more pale as the pigmented cells are decreased. The loss of the deeper fat layer under the skin causes it to appear thinner and less firm. Areas that have received the most sun exposure often show more significant changes, taking on a leathery appearance or showing large pigmented spots, sometimes called age spots or liver spots.
Effectiveness
The aging process also changes the effectiveness of the skin. As the protective fat layer thins, the skin becomes more fragile and prone to injury. The skin might also feel more dry and itchy, as the sebaceous glands in the skin produce less oil. Older persons are also at higher risk for overheating, caused by a decreased ability to sweat.
Common Conditions
According to Medline Plus, more than 90 percent of older people have some sort of skin disorder, such as skin tears, pressure wounds or bruising. Wounds do not heal as quickly on older people, presenting a higher risk for infection. Older people tend to have other medical conditions that can affect the skin detrimentally, such heart disease, diabetes and liver disease. They also often take medications and can suffer from stress and poor nutrition, all of which have a negative effect on their skin.
Care
Lotion can help with dry skin, as can avoiding soaps that are heavily perfumed. However, do not use bath oils, as they leave a film on the tub or shower surfaces, leading to slips and falls. Make sure to maintain a nutritional diet and to stay hydrated, drinking lots of fluids. Try to avoid excess friction and pressure on your skin to prevent skin tears and wounds. Consult with your physician for diagnosis and treatment of any skin problems or conditions.
Prevention/Solution
Sun exposure is considered a primary source of age-related skin changes and damage. The effects of sun exposure add up over time, so it is recommended that protection from the sun's rays begin in youth. Use sunscreen and keep exposed areas covered to provide protection from the sun's damaging rays. Smoking also affects facial wrinkling and skin tone, so quitting tobacco can prevent this type of damage.
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