Seizure disorder, also known as epilepsy, describes a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur due to a group of nerves producing a sudden surge in electrical activity in the brain, which temporarily interferes with normal brain functions. Epilepsy affects approximately 2 million people in the United States, according to the National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke. Medications known as anticonvulsants can completely prevent seizures in approximately one-third of those with epilepsy, and greatly decrease the frequency of seizures in another one-third of patients, according to the Merck Manual.
Gabapentin
Gabapentin works by increasing the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid, also known as GABA, in the brain. Gabapentin is prescribed to treat partial seizures, also known as focal seizures, which affect only one part of the brain. It is believed, according to MayoClinic.com, that some seizures occur due to a low level of GABA. Therefore, increasing the level of GABA may effectively reduce the frequency of seizures. Gabapentin causes side effects including fatigue, dizziness, loss of balance, stomach upset and shortness of breath.
Lamotrigine
Lamotrigine helps control partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures---formerly known as grand mal seizures, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome---a severe form of childhood epilepsy. Although the exact mechanism of action remains unknown, lamotrigine can inhibit the release of excitatory neural transmitters, as described by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The side effects include dizziness, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting and rash. Because the rash can become life threatening in 1 in 50 children treated with lamotrigine, this medication is not recommended for children under the age of 16.
Topiramate
Topiramate, like lamotrigine, controls partial seizures, tonic-clonic seizures and the seizures caused by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate blocks sodium channels while also enhancing the activity of GABA, therefore reducing the incidence of seizures. Topiramate causes side effects including dizziness, impaired concentration, confusion, fatigue, speech difficulties and nausea.
Felbamate
Felbamate effectively treats partial seizures and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; however, because of the serious risk of toxicity, this medication is usually prescribed for those patients whose seizures are difficult to control. The exact mechanism of action remains a mystery, but felbamate does affect GABA receptors. Felbamate, a category C medication, should not be taken by pregnant women or mothers who breastfeed. General side effects include anorexia, vomiting, insomnia, headache and dizziness. Felbamate can cause serious side effects including aplastic anemia, a life-threatening condition that affects the ability of the bone marrow to produce new blood cells, and liver failure.
