High blood pressure, also known as HBP or hypertension, is associated with increased risk for diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension during pregnancy poses additional risks that affect the mother and her infant, including low birth weight, placental abruption and increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease and premature delivery. According to MayoClinic.com, seeking and following doctor-recommended treatment is key in reducing risk for complications and supporting the wellness of mother and child.
Low Birth Weight
High blood pressure can restrict blood flow in the uterus and result in reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. Without vital oxygen and nutrition, a child's growth and development may reduce and lead to low birth weight. According to the University of Iowa Children's Hospital, underweight babies are often placed in special incubators where they receive needed fluids, nutrients and constant temperature control. Underweight babies may also temporary require breathing assistance and experience additional complications, such as bleeding in the brain and poor vision.
Placental Abruption
Placental abruption, or placenta abruptio, occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus, partially or fully, before the child is born. When it occurs, the infant may reap insufficient oxygen and nutrients, which can lead to premature birth and low birth weight. Placental abruption can also cause excessive bleeding in the mother. Numerous factors, such as tobacco, alcohol, diabetes and heart disease may contribute to the condition. However, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center, women with chronic high blood pressure remain at the highest risk.
Cardiovascular Disease
Preeclampsia occurs when a woman develops hypertension and protein in the urine during mid to late pregnancy. According to the Preeclampsia Foundation, roughly 5 to 8 percent of pregnancies are affected by the condition. Symptoms may include inflammation, sudden weight gain, headaches and vision changes; however, preeclampsia may not trigger observable symptoms. Women who develop preeclampsia may hold increased risk for cardiovascular disease in later life, even if their blood pressure returns to a normal range post-pregnancy.
Premature Delivery
Women with severe high blood pressure or worsening preeclampsia may require early delivery as a means of preventing severe complications. Premature babies, born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, are at heightened risk for temporary health problems and longer-lasting complications, such as learning disabilities and cerebral palsy. According to MayoClinic.com, a child's risk of developing serious complications is highest when delivery occurs before the 28th week of pregnancy.
References
- MayoClinic.com: Effects of High Blood Pressure on Mothers and Infants
- University of Iowa Children's Hospital: Low Birth Weight in Babies
- University of Maryland Medical Center: Placenta Abruptio Information
- Preeclampsia Foundation: Preeclampsia Overview and Statistics
- MayoClinic.com: Premature Birth Complications
