The feet are anatomically complex structures composed of 28 bones and more than 30 joints, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. The foot bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles work in unison to bear the weight of the body in precise balance. Injuries, malformations, inflammation and external forces can disrupt the intricate function of the foot, causing pain.
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the tissue band between the heel bone and the toes. The disorder typically causes heel pain, which characteristically occurs with weight bearing when getting out of bed in the morning or upon standing after a period of rest. Plantar fasciitis pain does not usually occur during exercise. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons reports that risk factors for plantar fasciitis include abnormally flat or high arches, excess body weight and prolonged standing, walking or running on hard surfaces. Exercise and rehabilitation along with anti-inflammatory medication provides pain relief for most people with plantar fasciitis.
Hammertoe
Hammertoe describes an abnormal upward bend to the toe. This deformity most commonly involves the second toe. Information provided by the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics explains that hammertoe occurs due to weakness of the foot muscles. A hammertoe usually rubs against the inside the shoe, causing irritation and a painful corn. A corn may also develop on the ball of the foot due to the hammertoe deformity. Factors that may contribute to the development of hammertoe include poorly fitted shoes, shoes with an exceedingly high heel, diabetes, foot injury and arthritis. Surgical correction may prove necessary for severe hammertoe deformities.
Bunion
A bunion is an abnormal bony growth at the side of the base of the big toe. The toe angles toward the outer side of the foot, pressing against the other toes. Pain occurs at the site of the bunion, which tends to progress as the bunion grows. The Mayo Clinic notes that tight-fitting and high-heeled shoes commonly cause bunions. Inherited deformities of the foot and arthritis can also provoke bunion formation. Padding, shoe inserts and changing to shoes with a roomy toe box may provide pain relief. Surgical reduction of the bunion can help correct advanced deformities.
Broken Toe
A direct blow to the toes can fracture one or more of the toe bones. Dropping a heavy object on the toes and forcefully stubbing a toe prove common causes of a broken toe. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons explains that most toe fractures can be treated with rest, splinting, taping or rigid-soled shoes. Toe fractures in which the break involves a toe joint or the bones are markedly misaligned may require surgery to pin the bones back into place.
