Ecstasy, or MDMA, is a synthetic drug similar to methamphetamines. The National Institute on Drug Abuse describes ecstasy as producing feelings of euphoria, increased energy and perceptual distortions. Ecstasy primarily targets the brain chemical serotonin, which is responsible for mood regulation, sexual activity and pain sensitivity. This drug causes an excess of serotonin production in the body, and acute and chronic damage may ensue from ecstasy abuse.
Serotonin Syndrome
Excess serotonin production due to ecstasy use can lead to a potentially life-threatening drug reaction called serotonin syndrome. An interaction between the chemicals in the drug and the body causes an over-production of serotonin. The University of Maryland Medical Center describes symptoms of serotonin syndrome as occurring within minutes to hours after use of the drug. Symptoms may include extreme agitation, hallucinations and rapid changes in blood pressure. Additionally, diarrhea, vomiting and loss of coordination may occur. In severe cases of this reaction, death may occur. However, with treatment, symptoms subside within 24 hours.
Electrolyte Disorder
Using ecstasy without proper hydration can cause decreased sodium levels. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency, dehydration causes an imbalance of essential electrolytes such as sodium, which may lead to cardiac arrest or death. Electrolytes found in the body aid in maintaining fluids, acidity and muscular functioning. Sodium, one of the essential electrolytes, facilitates neuromuscular functioning, and when sodium levels get too low, it can lead to swelling, paralysis and seizures. Additional sodium imbalance symptoms include disorientation, vomiting and possible coma.
Body Temperature
According to a 2005 study published in "Psychopharmacology," ecstasy use increased core body temperature regardless of external warm or cold conditions. This further elevates blood pressure and heart rate, and alters the body's metabolic process. The National Institute on Drug Abuse notes that cardiovascular, kidney and liver failure may result from body temperature changes due to high doses of ecstasy.
Additional Effects
Additional negative effects associated with ecstasy include increased paranoia, anxiety and depression. These psychological effects often occur as a result of serotonin disruption in the body, and can resolve with time once drug use is stopped. Chronic use of ecstasy may lead to addiction, causing cravings for the drug.
