1
Toxic shock syndrome is a life-threatening set of symptoms that occur as the complication of a bacterial infection. It was first described in the 1970s, when it was associated with the use of highly absorbent tampons. Although many people still associate TSS with tampon use, anyone can get toxic shock syndrome -- the defining feature is the underlying infection, not whether or not someone uses tampons. About half the time, TSS does not occur in menstruating women.
Causes
Toxic shock syndrome arises after an infection with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Although MayoClinic.com notes that toxic shock can also arise fter a strep infection, PubMed Health considers this a separate syndrome: "toxic shock-like syndrome." Certain strains of the staph bacteria produce a toxin, and when the toxin works its way into the bloodstream, the toxic shock can set in. Some speculate that highly absorbent tampons were problematic because the special absorbent fibers were scratchy, making small tears in the skin and mucous membrane, allowing a way for toxins to enter the bloodstream.
Symptoms
TSS is characterized by a high and sometimes sudden fever up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, sore throat, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting, a rash that looks like a sunburn, and muscle aches. You also might experience muscle aches, abdominal pain, dizziness and confusion. Low blood pressure -- leading to symptoms of "shock" -- and organ failure can also occur.
Treatment
If you suspect you have TSS, you should see a doctor or go to the emergency room right away, especially if you have any of the risk factors for TSS, which include tampon or barrier-contraceptive use, recent childbirth, any sort of wound "packing," or an infected wound.
Treatment includes antibiotics to wipe out the infection, as well as supportive treatments to fight the symptoms. For example, if you develop very low blood pressure, doctors will prescribe medications to stabilize it; or if you develop kidney failure, doctors will start you on dialysis.
Prevention
Because about 50 percent of cases of TSS are fatal, preventing the condition is much better than having to treat it. It's best to use tampons intermittently during menstruation and to change them frequently. It's best to leave them in place no longer than four to eight hours. If you have any other skin wounds, be sure to keep them clean and follow your doctor's instructions to prevent infection.
