Skin can develop pigmentation problems due to sun exposure or hormones. Several topical creams are effective at fading dark spots. These creams can worsen the effects of sunburn or wind damage, so only apply the medication to unbroken skin. The New Zealand Dermatological Society recommends applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen to protect your skin and prevent dark spots from reappearing.
Hydroquinone
Apply hydroquinone to clean, dry skin, on only the dark areas. Avoid the area around your eyes and mouth. If you do get hydroquinone around your eyes or mouth, rinse thoroughly. Drugs.com recommends avoiding products that contain alcohol when you use hydroquinone, and protecting skin from harsh soaps and extreme heat, cold and wind. It takes two to four months for dark patches to fade.
Topical Alpha-hydroxy Acids
Alpha-hydroxy acids, or AHAs, are naturally-derived acids. Glycolic, citric and lactic acids are all AHAs. AHAs effectively and gently exfoliate dead skin cells, reduce the appearance of fine lines, and fade acne and age spots and areas with uneven pigmentation, according to The New Zealand Dermatological Society. Lotions containing AHAs are generally well-tolerated, but may cause irritation. If you experience irritation, use less frequently until irritation subsides.
Tretinoin
Tretinoin is a prescription cream originally developed to treat acne. Health care providers also prescribe it to treat fine lines, rough skin and over-pigmentation. Tretinoin lightens the skin by encouraging cell turnover, reports the Mayo Clinic, so older, sun-damaged skin is replaced by undamaged skin.
Azelaic Acid
Azelaic acid is another cream available only by prescription. Originally developed to treat acne, as the Mayo Clinic reports, azelaic acid fades the dark pigmentation that is common after sun exposure in pregnant women and those taking birth control pills. Azelaic acid is safe for long-term use and use during pregnancy.
Chemical Peel
Chemical peels fade dark patches and acne blemishes and smooth wrinkles. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reports that trichloroacetic acid, alpha hydroxy acid or phenol are common peeling agents. Side effects of a chemical peel include stinging, irritation and redness. Your health care practitioner will apply the chemical peel solution to the treatment area, and the entire process should not take longer than two hours. You may require follow-up treatments, depending on the strength of the peeling agent and the severity of your pigmentation problem.
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