Depression is not the same thing as sadness or a down mood. The International Foundation for Research and Education on Depression states that depression is a serious illness that affects one in five people and interferes with functioning, relationships and daily life. There are a number of types of depression and depressive disorders, but all have similar characteristics, according to the National Institute of Mental Illness. Not everyone with depression displays the same characteristics or has them to the same degree.
Emotional Characteristics
A dysphoric or low emotional state is the primary characteristic of depression. The severity of dysphoria may vary in severity and be accompanied by feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and despair. There may be transient periods of emotional normalcy, or the dysphoria may be persistent and unrelenting. Irritability, sadness, crying spells, anger, rage and feelings of emptiness are other emotional characteristics of depression.
Cognitive Characteristics
Depression significantly affects cognition, altering the way the person sees himself and the rest of the world. In a depressed state, negative aspects about the self and others are highlighted, and the depressed person is unable to see anything positive in the world around him. Loss of concentration, memory problems, guilt, indecisiveness, thoughts of being unworthy, worry and fear are other cognitive characteristics of depression. The depressed person becomes highly self-critical and often suffers from low self-esteem. Suicidal thoughts or plans occur in cases of severe depression.
Physical Characteristics
Depression causes physical symptoms that range from mild and occasional to severe and debilitating. Many depressed people experience disrupted sleep such as trouble falling asleep, waking up too early, or sleeping much more than usual. Loss of appetite, fatigue, loss of sexual desire, restlessness, weight gain or loss, and an increase in anxiety are all common physical characteristics of depression. Depressed people may seem slowed or sluggish and experience an increase in physical complaints and symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, muscle tension and constipation. Children suffering from depression may begin wetting the bed. The Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy also points out that 10 percent of depressed people will begin abusing alcohol and or drugs.
Social Characteristics
A diminished interest in social activities is common in people suffering from depression. Many depressed people lose all interest in hobbies they once found pleasurable, and may avoid friends and family as much as possible. A refusal or disinterest in making long-term plans is another social characteristic of depression that may stem from general feelings of hopelessness about the future, a lack of interest in goals and relationships, or suicidal thoughts or plans.
References
- International Foundation for Research and Education on Depression: Depression Facts
- Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy: Fact Sheet on Depression
- Suicide Awareness Voices of Education: Symptoms of Major Depression
- National Institute of Mental Health: Depression
- Mayo Clinic: Depression (Major Depression)
