Skin disorders are common in children of all age groups. Most of these conditions are self-limited and can be treated with over-the-counter remedies. Occasionally, skin disorders can become severe and require medical attention. The most common cause of these skin conditions are inflammation, either acute or chronic, and infections.
Eczema
Eczema or atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition of inflammation in the skin. According to MayoClinic.com, children with eczema tend to have patches of dry, scaly, itchy skin. It can affect any part of the body. In infants, it usually localizes in the face, trunk and back. Older children can have it behind their knees and elbows. The inflammation flares up and worsens periodically. Prevention with moisturizing lotions can help decrease itching and reduce the chance of frequent scratching, which can then lead to bacterial infections.
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis--also known as hives or urticaria--is a skin condition associated with allergies. It occurs when the skin gets in contact with an allergen, or an allergy-producing substance. Contact dermatitis localizes to specific areas of the body, as opposed to hives which can spread throughout the body. The patches of contact dermatitis cause an intense itching sensation. The rash can spread, forming plaques of red skin with a raised border. If the reaction is localized, over the counter therapy with an antihistamine cream or ointment usually proves sufficient. Widespread hives may require oral steroids for resolution of symptoms.
Viral illness
Viruses cause several skin conditions in children. One of the most common is chicken pox. Caused by the varicella virus, the rash of chicken pox starts as small, distinct red spots, and then changes into clear vesicles that scab over. Frequent scratching of this very itchy rash can lead to bacterial infection. Another common childhood viral skin condition is fifth disease, which causes a flat red rash, especially in the face, giving the child a "slapped cheek" appearance. Another common viral illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, starts with a fever and then follows with sores in the mouth and blisters on the hands and feet.
Bacterial infections
Bacteria can also cause skin conditions in children. For example, impetigo causes a honey-colored crusted rash around the lips, extremities and diaper area. These bacteria are highly contagious, spreading through direct contact. The Comer Children's Hospital website lists several treatments, including topical antibiotics if the infection is localized, oral antibiotics for widespread infection, and hygiene tips to prevent the spread of the bacteria.
