There are two type of memory--short term, or recent memory, and long term memory-- which are controlled by different areas in the brain. While it is common to occasionally misplace keys or forget someone's name, memory loss that interferes with everyday functioning should be evaluated. Some of which can be treated or managed, especially if they are caught in the early stages.
Age Related Memory Loss
Some forgetfulness is expected with age, but true memory loss is not. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, beginning in the 20's brain cells start to die and the body slows its production of chemicals that keep the brain working properly. These changes can make it more difficult to recall information. Age related changes usually only affect recent memories, such as events that happened that day, and rarely affect long term memory. The type of memory loss that is normal with aging does not get progressively worse over time, nor does it interfere with the ability to function in everyday life.
Amnesia
Amnesia is a form of memory loss that makes it challenging to learn new skills or form new memories. It rarely is so severe that the patient loses their self identity, according to the Mayo Clinic. There are two main types of amnesia: anterograde amnesia, which interferes with learning new information after a diagnosis of amnesia is made, and retrograde amnesia, which limits the ability to recall memories or information from the past. A less common form, called transient global amnesia, involves a sudden and temporary loss of memory due to blockage of an artery, a seizure or no known cause. The memory loss can last between 30 minutes and one a day and is followed by complete recovery. A head injury, stoke or any other disease that affects the brain can cause amnesia. Treatment usually consists of memory training and working with therapists to learn coping skills. There are currently no medications available to treat amnesia, but most patients are able to lead active and productive lives.
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mild Cognitive Impairment, or MCI, is diagnosed when there are problems with memory that are more than what is considered a normal part of aging but not severe enough to diagnose dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Some patients with MCI do get worse and eventually develop dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Unlike patients with dementia or Alzheimer's disease, patients with MCI are aware of difficulties with memory, can discuss them with a health care provider and continue to remain independent and able to care for themselves.
Dementia
Dementia is a general term for a group of symptoms such as memory loss, trouble with reasoning and an inability to follow directions. The condition can be temporary or permanent. Temporary dementia can be caused by kidney, liver or thyroid diseases, be related to depression, occur as a side effect of a medication or happen because of a nutritional deficiency. Treating the underlying problem can help to improve temporary dementia. However, dementia can also be an early warning sign of Altzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. Vascular dementia is caused by damage to the brain caused by multiple strokes.
Altzheimer's Disease
Altzheimer's Disease is a progressive and fatal brain disorder, according to the Alzheimer's Association. This disease destroys brain cells and is the most common form of severe memory loss. For reasons not well understood, structures called plaques and tangles form in the brain and kill nerve cells. Initially, memory loss may be minor and the patient may need only limited assistance. Over time significant memory loss, confusion and behavioral changes make it impossible for the patient to take care of himself. If this disease is caught in the early stages, there are medications that can potentially slow the progression of the disease.
References
- American Academy of Family Physicians: Memory Loss With Aging: What's Normal, What's Not
- Mayo Clinic: Amnesia Symptoms
- National Institute on Aging: Forgetfulness: Knowing When To Ask For Help
- University of California San Francisco: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
- Alzheimer's Association: What is Altzheimer's
