Hyperemesis is an extremely severe form of morning sickness. According to the American Pregnancy Association, it is characterized by weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, extreme nausea and vomiting, headaches and even fainting. Hyperemesis only occurs in about 1 percent of pregnancies. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition.
Dietary Changes
Mild cases of hyperemesis can be treated with dietary changes. The University of Maryland Medical Center notes that eating several small meals throughout the day instead of the traditional three meals may relieve the nausea. Dry foods, such as crackers, may be helpful as well. It is important to drink fluids often to prevent dehydration. Carbonated waters such as seltzer may help relieve mild cases of hyperemesis.
Fluids
In moderate to severe cases of hyperemesis, frequent vomiting occurs which will prevent a pregnant woman from maintaining adequate hydration. Hospitalization is often necessary for these patients to receive intravenous, or IV, hydration. In very severe cases, it may be necessary to insert a PICC line, or a peripherally inserted central catheter. PICC lines are placed to provide more long-term access to provide fluids, medications and nutrition if needed.
Medications
Anti-nausea medications may be prescribed to treat hyperemesis. For mild cases, oral medications may be sufficient. NYU Langone Medical Center reports that doctors must weigh the benefits and risks when prescribing anti-nausea medications. For severe cases, IV medications are necessary, which are usually administered while admitted to the hospital.
Tube and Intravenous Nutrition
Women who are unable to keep down any food may need to receive nutrition via a tube feeding, or intravenously. Tube feedings may be administered via a nasogastric, or NG, tube which is placed through the nose and down into the stomach. Less frequently, a PEG tube, or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, may be placed. PEG tubes are surgically placed tubes which go through the abdomen into the stomach. Nutrition may be administered via either an NG or PEG tube to provide nutrition for patients unable to eat due to excessive vomiting. The American Pregnancy Association also notes that nutrients may be given via IV therapy.
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