Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a disorder characterized by difficulties with attention and controlling impulsivity and hyperactivity. As described by Robert Weis in "Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology," there are two types of stimulant medications used to treat ADHD, amphetamines and methylphenidates. These drugs increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the brain, resulting in increased attention, focus, enhanced behavioral inhibition, and ability to organize, plan and solve problems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that more than half of children with a diagnosis of ADHD take medication to treat their symptoms.
Amphetamines
One class of stimulant medication used to treat ADHD is amphetamines. Stimulant medications may come in different administration forms including pills, capsules, patches, and oral medication. Types of pills or capsules include short-acting, long-acting and extended release. Long-acting medications remain in the body system longer, while extended release medications gradually release specific amounts of medication into the body. Commonly prescribed amphetamines include Adderall, Dexedrine and Dextrostat.
Methylphenidates
The second type of stimulant medication that treats ADHD is methylphenidates. These medications come in similar administration forms and types as those noted for amphetamines. Like amphetamines, methylphenidates act on the dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, but they interact in the brain somewhat differently. The most commonly prescribed methylphenidates are Concerta, Focalin, Metadate and Ritalin.
Non-Stimulant Medication
A non-stimulant medication that is indicated in the treatment of ADHD is Strattera (atomoxetine). This drug acts on norepinephrine levels in the brain, but has little impact on dopamine. Unlike the other classes of drugs, Strattera carries an increased risk of suicidal thoughts in children. It is suggested that behavior be closely monitored and, if unusual, addressed immediately.
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of Diagnosis and Medication Treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- "Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology"; Robert Weis; 2008
- National Institute of Mental Health: ADHD Medications
- FDA: FDA Asks ADHD Manufacturers to Develop Patient Medication Guides
