Everyone has cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in their brains. This clear liquid protects the brain against infections and illnesses, provides it with nutrients and forms a cushion that makes the brain less vulnerable in accidents. Problems arise when too much CSF is produced or when it's unable to move freely due to a blockage.
Congenital Hydrocephalus
Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and is the result of either genetic abnormalities or abnormal prenatal development. The National Institute of Health states that the causes of congenital hydrocephalus are numerous, and include certain illnesses in the mother such as syphilis or toxoplasmosis. Prenatal bleeding or birth defects such as spina bifida might also be causes for the condition.
Hemorrhage and Premature Birth
Bleeding into the ventricles of the brain at or around the time of birth is a common complication in premature infants. This bleeding can lead to hydrocephalus. Unfortunately, shunts that are typically used in treating hydrocephalus can't be used with premature infants since this surgery cannot be carried out in such young patients. Thus, according to the National Institute of Health, hydrocephalus caused by bleeding during birth is one of the most serious complications of premature birth. Hemorrhage symptoms might include loss of consciousness or seizures.
Acquired Hydrocephalus
Unlike congenital hydrocephalus, acquired hydrocephalus develops at birth or later. Acquired hydrocephalus can be caused, for example, by a brain tumor or meningitis. Unlike in adults, brain tumors can grow aggressively in infants and cause symptoms very quickly. Besides the typical symptoms of hydrocephalus, changes in personality, such as irritability, are also commonly found. Meningitis is an infection in the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, stiff neck and sensitivity to light, which are also the classic symptoms of hydrocephalus.
