The heel bone, also known as the calcaneus, is the largest bone in the foot and is an important attachment site for several muscles and ligaments. On the bottom of the foot there is a large, broad ligament called the plantar fascia, which attaches to the heel. When this connective tissue becomes overstressed, inflamed and tight, it can lead to pain at that attachment site. Eventually, calcium deposits build up and new bone is created as a visible spur extending off of the heel. This spur is not painful in and of itself, but aggravates the dysfunction in the plantar fascia, generating pain in this ligament. There are several treatment options that can help reduce the pain from plantar fasciitis or a heel spur.
NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, commonly called NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, aspirin and naproxen, are commonly used to help decrease symptoms of plantar fasciitis or heel spurs. These medications are available over the counter and are effective because they have both anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties. According to MayoClinic.com, while these drugs may help ease the pain, they do not treat the underlying cause.
Corticosteroids
If the more conservative NSAIDs are not enough to help control pain and inflammation, corticosteroids can be injected directly into the plantar fascia. According to MayoClinic.com, multiple injections are not recommended because they can cause weakness or rupture of the plantar fascia.
Ice
Plantar fasciitis is an inflammatory condition and ice is a great way to reduce inflammation. Apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel over the affected area for 20 minutes every two hours to help ease pain and inflammation. Ice constricts blood vessels that participate in the inflammatory process. Even though heat may feel good at the time of application, it exacerbates inflammation.
Splint
A specially designed night splint can help stretch tight calf muscles throughout the night. Tight muscles and fascia are the root cause of plantar fasciitis. In addition to a splint, orthotics--which are worn inside the shoe--can support the foot throughout the day and help reduce as much stress as possible.
Physical Therapy
A physical therapist can help determine which muscles are contributing to the condition. According to the National Institutes of Health, they can also recommend specific stretches and exercises to balance muscle performance and reduce the added stress on the plantar fascia. Many times, stretching tight and shortened calf muscles is a long process that requires consistency. Physical therapists may also use ultrasound or electrical muscle stimulation to help break up adhesions that have formed within the muscle belly or fascia.
Shoes
One of the first things a patient may try at home is to ensure that they are wearing good, supportive shoes. Shoes need to be able to absorb shock, support the arch and cushion the heel. Loose or flat shoes allow added stress to be placed on the plantar fascia.
