Despite their commonly-used name, blue-green algae are actually not algae, but different types of Cyanobacteria. Most commercial products contain Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Sprirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis or a combination, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Blue-green algae is purported to be beneficial for boosting the immune system and treating infections, high cholesterol, HIV/AIDS and cancer, but the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center notes that current research does not entirely support these claims. Some side effects are possible, but most harmful effects associated with blue-green algae involve products that are contaminated with heavy metals or other toxins.
Most Likely Side Effects
The most frequently-reported side effects associated with blue-green algae supplements include headaches, difficulty concentrating, muscle pain, facial flushing and sweating, according to the NIH. Some people additionally experience anxiety, insomnia, nausea and vomiting.
Effects on People with PKU
Spirulina contains the amino acid phenylalanine, so you should not take blue-green algae supplements if you have phenylketonuria, commonly called PKU. PKU is a genetic metabolic condition in which the body cannot effectively process phenylalanine, and in which consuming too much can lead to harmful effects. Accumulation of phenylalanine in the body can cause damage to the brain and central nervous system.
Immune System Effects
Anyone with an autoimmune disease should also avoid blue-green algae supplements, as advised by the University of Maryland Medical Center. An autoimmune disorder involves the immune system becoming overactive and attacking tissues, organs or systems in the body. Examples of autoimmune disorders include multiple sclerosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis. If blue-green algae supplements work as claimed, they could stimulate the immune system and worsen symptoms, as well as interfere with any medications taken for the condition.
Allergic Reaction
Some people may experience an allergic reaction to blue-green algae. Symptoms as noted by the Physicians' Desktop Reference could include breathing difficulty, chest or throat tightness, chest pain, and skin itching, swelling, hives or a rash. An allergic reaction to blue-green algae calls for immediate medical attention, as it could lead to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Contamination Effects
Negative effects due to blue-green algae consumption are uncommon unless the products are contaminated, according to the MSKCC, so it's important to only buy products from a reputable source. Blue-green algae harvested from uncontrolled settings may be contaminated by toxic strains of algae or other organic substances, or by heavy metals in the water. Harmful effects of these toxins can cause kidney failure, liver damage, weakening or inflammation of the heart, pancreatitis, seizures and respiratory arrest.
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