Arthritis affects approximately one out of six Americans, according to the National Institutes of Health. The most common types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. This condition destroys the cartilage and fluid, or synovium, in a joint, causing pain and inflammation. There is no known cure for most types of arthritis, so treatment focuses on relief of symptoms through physical therapy, lifestyle changes and medication. Over-the-counter topical agents---creams, gels, sprays and salves that are applied to the skin---can provide temporary relief of arthritis pain. They can be used in combination with other treatments but are not intended to substitute for prescription arthritis medications.
Topical Analgesics
Some topical agents contain salicylates, the ingredients that make aspirin a pain relieving agent, according to MayoClinic.com. These creams relieve arthritis pain by reducing the nerve endings' ability to sense pain. They may also reduce the inflammation of the joints associated with arthritis. Patients allergic to aspirin or who are taking blood thinners should check with a health care provider before using topical analgesics. Severe allergic reactions can occur, including rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, skin redness or irritation, and swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue, according to Drugs.com.
Counter-Irritants
Some topical agents, called counter-irritants, contain ingredients that irritate the nerve endings of the skin. These ingredients, including menthol, oil of wintergreen, menthol, turpentine oil or eucalyptus, cause a hot, itchy or cold sensation that distracts the patient from the musculoskeletal pain, according to MayoClinic.com. These medications are also useful for simple back pain, muscle strains and sprains. Patients sensitive to any of the active ingredients should avoid these agents.
Capsaicin
Capsaicin creams contain a substance made from the seeds of chili peppers that depletes the nerve cells of substance P, a neurotransmitter that is necessary for sending pain messages to the brain. Capsaicin creams, according to MayoClinic.com, are most effective in temporarily relieving arthritis pain in joints close to the skin surface such as fingers, knees and elbows, but are not as effective in relieving hip pain. The patient must apply the cream four times a day, around the clock, for three to four weeks. Side effects include allergic reactions, burning pain, cough, skin sores or thinning. After application, the patient must wash his hands with soap and water to prevent contact with the eyes and mucous membranes, according to the American Chronic Pain Association.
Combination Products
Some combination products contain ingredients such as methyl salicylate and menthol, according to the Arthritis Foundation. Others combine capsaicin, salicylates and a counter-irritant. Potential side effects depend upon the ingredients.
