More than 60 million people in the United States experience heartburn, a symptom of acid reflux. Experiencing reflux on occasion is normal. Repeated and more frequent episodes may result in serious health problems. Treatments for reflux are readily available. A person can lower the chance of reflux by making changes in his diet and eating habits.
Reflux and Reflux Disease
The stages of swallowing involve moving food from the mouth to the throat and then moving it into the esophagus or food pipe. Food moves into the stomach through the esophagus. If food spills back into the esophagus, along with acid from the stomach, it is called acid reflux. The acid from the stomach burns the lining of the esophagus causing the symptoms of heartburn. Another name for acid reflux is gastroesophageal reflux or GER. If a person experiences persistent symptoms of reflux more than twice a week, it is called gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD. Other symptoms of GERD may include a feeling of something stuck in the throat, a burning sensation in the esophagus when swallowing or nighttime choking episodes.
Causes of Gastroesophageal Reflux
The lower esophageal sphincter is a ring of muscles at the lower end of the esophagus. It acts as a valve between the esophagus and the stomach. It only opens to allow food into the stomach. If this valve doesn't close properly or tightly, material from the stomach spills back into the esophagus. The reasons why people develop GER or GERD are unclear, according to the Cleveland Clinic, though it speculates that a hiatal hernia--when a part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm--may be a contributing factor. Alcohol use, obesity, smoking or pregnancy can also contribute to the development of GERD.
Complications with Gatroesophageal Reflux
With continual, chronic exposure to stomach acid, the lining of the esophagus can become inflamed and cause bleeding or ulcers, referred to as esophagitis. Scar tissue can build up in the esophagus resulting in a narrowing of the esophagus or stricture that can increase difficulties with swallowing. Some people may develop Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition of the esophagus. Recurrent GERD can also be harmful to tissue in the throat and voice box.
Treatments for GER and GERD
Over-the-counter medications such as antacids, which help neutralize the acids in the stomach, can resolve the occasional mild symptoms of GERD. Other medications known as H2 blockers, which reduce acid production in the stomach, can also be effective, but should not be taken for more than a few weeks at a time. Proton pump inhibitors are more effective than antacids or H2 blockers. They block acid production in the stomach and allow the esophagus to heal. Most of the H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are available over-the-counter; others are available by prescription. If medications are ineffective, there are surgical options.
Ways to Prevent GERD
MayoClinic.com offers several suggestions to reduce risk of GERD. Maintain a healthy weight and avoid fatty or fried foods, chocolate, mint, garlic, alcohol or caffeine, all of which promote heartburn. Wear loose-fitting clothing--tight-fitting clothing can put undue pressure on the stomach and lower esophageal sphincter. Wait two to three hours after eating before lying down, and elevate the head of your bed by 6 to 9 inches.This allows gravity to assist with keeping material in your stomach.
