Congestive heart failure is the process that occurs when the heart breaks down, and is unable to pump blood along with oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. This situation usually happens in patients who have suffered heart attacks in the past, or have a condition that requires increased levels of oxygen or causes obstruction of blood vessels. According to 2009 information from the American Heart Association, there are about 5.7 million Americans living with heart failure. There are several key complications that are associated with congestive heart failure that include difficulty with breathing, decreased mental capability, decreased appetite and weight gain.
Difficulty Breathing and Edema
When heart failure occurs and the body is deprived of adequate blood and oxygen, the blood "backs up" in the pulmonary veins--the vessels that return blood from the lungs to the heart--because the heart can't keep up with the supply. This causes fluid to leak into the lungs. Lung congestion and difficulty breathing occurs as there is too much extra fluid in the lungs for proper expansion during breathing. This condition requires the use of extra pillows at night in order to prevent blood from flowing backwards into the lungs. Slowed blood flow also causes edema, or fluid to build up in the tissues, causing swelling in the lower extremities such as the legs and ankles.
Decreased Mental Capability
According to the Mayo Clinic, one of the complications that can arise from severe congestive heart failure is decreased mental capability. The heart works in line with the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering and removing waste products, such as ammonia, from the body. The kidneys need blood supply from the heart in order to be able to carry on effectively. During severe congestive heart failure, kidney failure can arise. This increases the levels of ammonia in the body, which can be converted to a toxic chemical known as urea. The Mayo clinic reports that high levels of urea can affect the brain and decrease mental capability.
Weight Gain
Patients with severe congestive heart failure can experience weight gain over time. The build up of fluid caused by the malfunctioning of the heart can lead to weight gain, in addition to increased frequency of urination. The liver and intestines are also affected, as fluid accumulates there as well. The liver is unable to perform its function, which is to make drugs water soluble, and easier to be absorbed.
