Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are often first treated with medication. The most commonly prescribed medications are stimulants, which come in two types, amphetamines and methylphenidates. ADHD medications help to alleviate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that occur with the disorder, helping children to focus, control behavior, remain organized and problem solve. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that when correctly used, ADHD medications are safe; however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reports that there may be increased risk of cardiac problems or death in those with existing conditions and increased risk of psychiatric side effects such as hallucinations, paranoia and mania in some children. It is important to have a child's medication usage properly monitored by a physician.
Amphetamines
As described by Robert Weis in "Introduction to Child and Adolescent Psychology," amphetamines affect the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Commonly prescribed amphetamines include Adderall and Dexedrine. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, these two medications and Dextrostat are the only stimulants safe for children from age 3 and up. Another amphetamine safe for children ages 6 and up is Adderall XR (extended release).
Methylphenidates
Methylphenidates are another type of stimulant drug that also impact dopamine and norepinephrine, but do so by a different mechanism in the brain. Weis reports that commonly prescribed methylphenidate stimulants include Focalin, Concerta, Ritalin and Metadate. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, these medications along with their long-acting and extended-release forms are thought to be safe for children age 6 and up.
Non-Stimulant Medications
A non-stimulant medication indicated for ADHD is Straterra (atomoxetine). As described by Weis, it is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that impacts norepinephrine levels in the brain but has limited impact on dopamine levels. As noted by the National Institute of Mental Health, children using Strattera may be at greater risk for thoughts of suicide than children taking another medication for ADHD, so behavior should be closely monitored.
References
- "Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology"; Robert Weis; 2008
- National Institute of Mental Health: ADHD Medications
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA Directs ADHD Drug Manufacturers to Notify Patients about Cardiovascular Adverse Events and Psychiatric Adverse Events
