A variety of disorders and conditions can cause sores on the tongue. Local irritation or injuries, immune system reactions, nutritional deficiencies and cancer are among the common causes of tongue sores. The cause of a tongue sore often cannot be reliably discerned by appearance alone. An accurate diagnosis is necessary to rule out a potentially life-threatening tongue cancer.
Aphthous Ulcer
An aphthous ulcer, also known as a canker sore, is an open lesion with a shallow depressed center surrounded by a white or yellow rim. These painful, noninfectious lesions commonly occur on the tongue and inner mouth. Aphthous ulcers may occur singly or in clusters and vary in size. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center explains that minor aphthous ulcers typically heal in one to two weeks without scarring. In contrast, major aphthous ulcers persist for weeks and usually cause scarring. Conditions that increase the risk for development of aphthous ulcers include vitamin B12, folate or iron deficiency, inflammatory bowel disorders, celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, food allergies, Behcet's syndrome and HIV/AIDS.
Tongue Injury
The jaws generate a high level of force, which can cause substantial injury if the tongue is accidentally bitten. Such injuries often cause a sore, as the teeth can lacerate the tongue during an accidental bite.
Oral Lichen Planus
Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the skin. Oral lichen planus specifically describes the mouth lesions associated with this disorder. The American Academy of Dermatology explains that lichen planus most likely results from a misguided immune system attack on the moist surfaces of the body and the skin, nails and hair. Oral lichen planus affects women more commonly than men. The lesions of oral lichen planus can affect any area of the mouth, including the tongue. White patches or painful, nonhealing sores, ulcers or blisters may develop. Topical and oral medications can help reduce the symptoms and severity of episodes of lichen planus.
Tongue Cancer
The Mayo Clinic reports that tongue cancer can present as a nonhealing sore. The lesion may occur at the surface of a lump on the tongue, which may bleed easily. The color of the growth varies from pinkish-gray to red. A biopsy confirms the diagnosis. An estimated 11,000 Americans are diagnosed with tongue cancer annually, according to the American Cancer Society. Excessive alcohol consumption, use of chewing tobacco and smoking significantly increase the risk of developing tongue cancer.
