Alcohol has depressant properties and is one of the oldest known mind-altering substances. It is consumed for its central nervous system effects, which include relaxation, reduced inhibitions and euphoria. Alcohol's effects can be classified as either short-term or long-term depending on the length of time the substance is used. Awareness of alcohol's effects on the body is vital for preventing complications like alcohol alcoholism, overdose and organ damage.
Pharmacology
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. Its effects depend on a variety of factors, including dose, presence of other drugs in the body and a person's age and gender.
According to the University of Washington, alcohol produces its effects by increasing the production and activity of GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the brain. Because these neurotransmitters regulate mood, energy levels and other states of being, alcohol consumption results in an altered state of consciousness and functioning.
Short-Term Effects
In small doses, alcohol produces effects that are sometimes perceived as stimulating, such as increased talkativeness, mild euphoria and reduced inhibitions. At higher doses, loss of coordination, slurred speech, mood swings, deep-sleep loss and memory loss can occur.
Alcohol overdose occurs when exceptionally large amounts of the substance are consumed in a short period of time. Vomiting, blackouts, respiratory depression and coma are possible outcomes of alcohol poisoning.
Long-Term Effects
The long-term effects of alcohol consumption are potentially more dangerous than its immediate effects. Long-term alcohol abuse can lead to liver disease, heart disease and several types of cancer. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, between 10 and 20 percent of alcohol abusers go on to develop cirrhosis of the liver---a condition that can lead to death with continued drinking.
Because heavy alcohol consumption raises blood pressure, alcohol abuse may increase the risk for heart attack, stroke and other cardiovascular problems. It has also been linked with cancers of the mouth, esophagus, pharynx and throat.
Alcoholism
Frequent drinking can lead to physical dependence, or alcoholism. People who are physically dependent on alcohol experience withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit, some of which can be dangerous. Sweating, tremors, seizures and convulsions are possible effects of alcohol withdrawal.
Psychological addiction to alcohol may make it even more difficult for a person to stop drinking. Irritability, insomnia, anxiety and cravings for alcohol upon cessation may signal alcohol addiction.
Prevention/Solution
Alcoholics and alcohol abusers may require help from inpatient detoxification and rehabilitation programs, 12-step group meetings and individual psychotherapy to fully recover. The only way to avoid all risks associated with alcohol is to abstain from using it altogether. Limiting your consumption of alcoholic beverages to occasional social use may help ensure that addiction and dependence do not occur.
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