Thyroid surgery, called thyroidectomy, is a partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland. Thyroidectomy is performed due to an overactive thyroid, thyroid cancer, nodules or an enlarged thyroid. Thyroid surgery is generally considered safe, notes MayoClinic.com, with patients spending as little as 24 hours in the hospital. Though many people make a full recovery and resume their daily activity within a few weeks, complications after surgery are possible.
Hypocalcemia
The parathyroid glands are four small glands located behind the thyroid. During the operation, surgeons work to remove the thyroid gland while preserving the parathyroid glands. Calcium levels are tested and monitored after surgery, as trauma to the parathyroid glands can result in a drop in calcium levels, a condition known as "hypocalcemia." Supplements of calcium and vitamin D may be required, in the short term, to restore levels to the normal range.
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism--referring to a condition in which the parathyroid glands become underactive--is rare, but can occur if the parathyroid glands are injured or if the blood supply is disrupted during surgery. The symptoms of hypoparathyroidism include hair loss; muscle spasms; tingling in the hands, feet or lips; and seizures. This condition can be temporary or chronic and can be potentially debilitating if left untreated. A study conducted by L. Rosato and colleagues at Ivrea Hospital in Ivrea, Italy, tested postoperative complications after thyroidectomy in 14,934 patients over a five-year period. Published in 2004, the research showed that 1.7 percent of the patients had persistent hypoparathyroidism.
Laryngeal Nerve Function
The voice box is located near the thyroid. After surgery, the laryngeal nerve may swell, causing weakness, hoarseness or even temporary paralysis of the voice. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center explains that the laryngeal nerve is now monitored closely during thyroid surgery with electrodes to prevent damage to the voice box.
Wound Infection
During surgery, a two- to four-inch incision is made on the front of the neck to remove all of part of the thyroid gland. The incision is stitched closed and a drain may be temporarily put in. The stitches remain covered with a bandage for four to six weeks after the operation. Georgetown University Hospital notes that wound infections may occur at the site of the incision, which are usually treatable with antibiotics.
