White willow bark is a supplement derived from the bark of the Salix alba tree. It contains the same active ingredient as aspirin and is often promoted to treat pain caused by inflammatory conditions like arthritis. Despite its long history of use, willow bark may not be safe or effective for all cases of inflammation. Understanding the properties of willow bark allows consumers to make educated decisions regarding its use.
Uses
Pain and inflammation are the most common conditions for which white willow bark is used. Lower back pain and osteoarthritis may be alleviated by willow bark, though more research is needed in this area. Other potential uses include reducing fever and treating pain caused by menstrual cramps, headache and minor injuries.
Pharmacology
White willow bark contains salicylin---a chemical precursor of aspirin. It is converted to acetylsalicylic acid in the liver, where it goes on to inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes that trigger inflammation. According to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, willow bark may provide pain relief that lasts longer than aspirin because of its conversion rate into acetylsalicylic acid in the body.
Side Effects
Like aspirin, white willow bark may increase the risk of bleeding in the digestive tract. Gastric ulcers and stomach irritation may also occur in people who take willow bark for prolonged periods.
White willow bark is toxic in high doses. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, overdose of white willow bark may result in stomach and kidney inflammation, vomiting and ringing in the ears.
Due to the loose regulation of supplemental herbs by the FDA, all potential side effects may not be known. If you experience severe or persistent side effects while taking willow bark, discontinue use and seek medical treatment.
Interactions
White willow bark can change the way other herbs and drugs affect the body. The University of Maryland Medical Center states that willow bark should not be taken with methotrexate or phenytoin, as it may lead to toxic concentrations of these drugs in the body.
The effectiveness of beta blockers like propanolol and atenolol can be decreased by white willow bark. Due to its blood thinning properties, willow bark may increase bleeding risks when taken with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or blood thinners.
Considerations
Because they're not closely regulated by the FDA, herbal supplements may contain impurities. To help reduce the risk of adverse effects, choose brands that bear the U.S. Pharmacopeia seal. Start with the lowest effective dose, and consult your doctor before taking willow bark to treat inflammation.
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