Menstruation is caused by hormones that tell your ovaries to release an egg cell, which later becomes planted in the lining of your uterus; if the egg is not fertilized, it, along with your uterine lining, will leave your body during your period. Menstruation can have an impact on your weight, but your weight can also impact the hormones that control your menstruation. If you keep your weight healthy, your periods should be normal, as is the one- or two-pound difference that may occur before and after you menstruate.
Water Retention
Water retention is the most likely and most common reason for weight gain just before and during your period. As fluid builds in your body--fluid that will be released during your period--your weight will increase slightly. Weight increases from water retention are slight and temporary; your weight will return to normal once your period is over. You can also reduce this water-weight by reducing your sodium intake prior to your period.
Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea is the absence of your period, and this comes in two forms. You have primary amenorrhea if there is no menstruation before age 16. Secondary amenorrhea occurs when you miss more than three cycles of your period. Significant and sudden weight gain, as well as chronic obesity, can cause secondary amenorrhea; in such a case, returning to a healthy weight will make your period start again. But secondary amenorrhea may also be caused by being too underweight; in these cases, gaining the necessary weight will cause your period to return as well.
Abnormal Periods
A “regular” period occurs every 28 days, though regular for one woman differs from regular for another woman. An irregular period is one in which your menstrual cycle varies from month to month; you may have a 20-day cycle one month, followed by a 30-day cycle the next. Sudden increases in your weight can affect the hormones that control your menstrual cycle, causing your period to become irregular. Sudden increases in weight can also make your period unusually heavy or prolonged. Talk to your ob-gyn if your period changes drastically after gaining weight.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately 10 percent of women. It causes cysts to form on your ovaries; these cysts prevent you from ovulating and menstruating regularly. Weight gain is one of the symptoms of PCOS, so consult your doctor if you suspect PCOS may be causing your irregular periods and sudden weight gain.
Menopause
Menopause is the ending of your period, which usually occurs in the late 40s or early 50s. It is a time in which your hormones are not completely balanced, which may lead to excess eating and weight gain. Additionally, as you menstruate, your body’s metabolism, or ability to burn calories, temporarily rises. The lack of menstruation after menopause affords no boost to your metabolism, which can also contribute to weight gain.
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