Bipolar disorder is a mood disturbance in which an individual experiences episodes of mania, though he may also experience symptoms of depression as well. The presentation of bipolar disorder in children is somewhat different from that of adults. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, children with bipolar disorder tend to experience more severe symptoms and cycle between mood states more rapidly than adults do. The causes of the disorder are thought to be rooted in brain development, inherited genes and environmental influences.
The Brain
The brains of people with bipolar disorder function somewhat differently from those of people without the disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health found that the brain development of children with bipolar disorder puts them at risk for mood problems. As discussed by Robert Weis, author of "Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology," children with bipolar disorder have differences in brain structure, particularly in the frontal cortex, thalamus and limbic system. The thalamus and limbic system play a role in processing feelings. They are smaller in children with bipolar disorder and may be overactive. Additionally the frontal cortex, which helps children to organize and plan, is less active. The combination of these difficulties leads to a brain that functions differently from those in people without bipolar disorder, which may result in producing bipolar symptoms.
Inherited Genes
As reported by the National Institute of Mental Health, children who have immediate family members with bipolar disorder are four to six times more likely to be diagnosed with the disorder themselves, although family history does not guarantee a child will have the disorder. While genetics might have some impact on the development of the disorder, it is only one piece of the puzzle. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that in identical twin studies, both children do not always have the disorder, suggesting that there are other factors involved.
The Environment
Events in a child's life can also impact the development of bipolar disorder. As noted by Weis, a clinical psychologist, stressful events in a child's life and severe conflict in families can trigger the onset of bipolar symptoms. Additionally, difficulties regulating sleep patterns and unexpected changes in routine may interfere with the child's ability to regulate mood, placing her at risk for symptom development as well.
References
- National Institute of Mental Health: What Are the Risk Factors for Bipolar Disorder?
- "Introduction to Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology"; Robert Weis; 2008
- National Institute of Mental Health: Largest Study to Date on Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Describes Disease Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes
