According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, a muscle cramp is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. Cramps affect skeletal muscles, but most commonly affect the calf, hamstring and quadriceps muscles. Leg cramps can range from a mild twitch to severe pain, and can last from a few seconds to 15 or more minutes, states the AAOS. Cramps usually resolve without medical treatment; however, frequently cramps may require a medical evaluation to determine the cause.
Poor Conditioning
According to the AAOS, poorly conditioned muscles may be more prone to cramping. Researchers do not know the exact cause of muscle cramps, but they believe that weak, out of shape muscle are more likely to cramp. Muscles are complex bundles of fibers that contract and relax to move the bones and joints of the skeletal system. The signal to contract or relax is sent by nerve cells that communicate with muscle cells. Poorly conditioned muscles lack a strong network of nerve and muscle communication, which can alter nerve reflex activity, states the AAOS. Furthermore, poorly conditioned muscles allow waste products of contraction to build up, which may lead to cramping. Thus, a patient who frequently experiences muscle cramps should participate in regular exercises to strengthen muscles and reduce the likelihood of cramping.
Nerve Compression
MayoClinic.com states that the compression of nerves as they exit the spinal cord can lead to leg muscle cramps. Spinal nerves can be compressed by conditions that affect the spinal column, which include osteoarthritis, a herniated disk and spinal tumor. These primary conditions affect spinal nerves that run from the back to the legs, which may cause an involuntary cramp-like pain in the legs. MayoClinic.com further states that a cramp usually worsens when walking in a slightly flexed position, such as when pushing a shopping cart. Thus, a patient who is experiencing frequent leg cramps may need to have her spinal column assessed for possible primary spinal conditions that can lead to leg cramps.
Electrolyte Imbalance
The AAOS states that an electrolyte imbalance may be the cause of leg cramps. During exercise, a patient sweats, which results in the depletion of potassium, magnesium and calcium. Certain medications may also affect the balance of these nutrients, which can lead to cramps. In cases of exercise, a patient must make sure that he is eating a balanced meal to prevent cramps. With vigorous activity, he may drink a sports drink that can replenish essential nutrients and reduce the likelihood of cramps. Patients on medications may need their blood levels checked to make sure that electrolytes are balanced.
