A pap smear is a procedure that tests for the presence of cancerous cells in the cervix. The cervix is the narrow end of the uterus that sits on top of the vagina. A pap smear is performed by taking a sample of the cells in the cervix and examining their makeup to determine if they're cancerous. Occasionally a woman's pap smear results indicate that there are abnormal cells; however, that's not a direct indication of cancer. A full examination is essential to confirm a diagnosis of cervical cancer and determine the appropriate course of treatment.
Repeat Pap Smear
In many cases, a patient's doctor may choose to repeat the pap smear to substantiate the presence of abnormal cells. Other illnesses or medications that the patient is taking can cause cells to appear abnormal. A physician can consult with the patient to rule out potential causes of the abnormality. The American College of Gynecologists (ACOG) indicates that women 21 years and older typically repeat the pap smear every six months until the cells appear as normal. Women younger than 21 have the procedure repeated in approximately one year.
Colposcopy
A colposcopy is a liquid-based test used to reanalyze the cell samples obtained during the pap smear to ascertain whether abnormal cells are potentially cancerous. A colposcopy is performed by placing vinegar in the cervix. Abnormal cells turn white, and an instrument called a colposcope is used to examine the cells. This procedure is an important part of treatment because it provides guidance on the full course of therapy to treat an abnormal pap smear.
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)
LEEP is a procedure performed by using a thin wire that carries an electric current to remove the abnormal cells. It's considered a minor procedure. LEEP is generally performed in the doctor's office. The affected area is numbed with local anesthesia before the wire is inserted. In addition to removing the potentially cancerous cells and preventing further infection, the patient's physician sends the cells to the lab to identify the source of the abnormality and possible indicators of the development of cancer.
