A black and blue bruise, or contusion, is a break in the blood vessels that run through the skin or underlying muscle. The broken blood vessels bleed into surrounding tissue and leave the classic black and blue bruise. The American Academy of Orthopedic surgeons (AAOS) states that bruises are caused by a direct blow or repeated blows from a blunt object. Severe bruises may damage more than small blood vessels, so an assessment from a physician may be necessary.
Gentle Stretch
The AAOS states that the muscle should be kept in a gentle stretch position. This controls pain, bleeding and inflammation in the muscle by allowing adequate blood flow to move through damaged tissue. Thus, a patient should avoid excessive bending of the affected muscle or compression of the affected area. Performing gentle stretches throughout the day may help speed recovery.
Ice Therapy
In addition to staying off the affected area, ice can be applied to the bruise, states the AAOS. Ice constricts blood vessels, which prevents further blood from leaking out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, ice can numb the bruised area, which will decrease pain. An ice pack, or a pack of frozen vegetables, should be applied to the injured area for 20 minutes, then removed for 20 minutes. This cycle should be repeated as often as possible until symptoms subside.
NSAIDs
According to the AAOS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can relieve pain related to a bruise. These medications are also available over-the-counter (OTC), and include Aleve, Advil, Motrin and other brand names. Although these medications are safe when taken as directed, those with stomach, heart, liver or kidney problems should see a doctor before taking NSAIDs.
Drainage
In more severe cases, a doctor may recommend draining a large bruise, or hematoma, that does not improve over several days, states the AAOS. This procedure involves sterilizing the skin above the bruise, inserting a needle into the bruise, and aspirating, or removing fluid from the bruise. This procedure allows the body to properly heal the damaged blood vessels. In addition, it reduces pressure that leaking blood places on surrounding tissue, thus providing a notable decrease in pain. After drainage, the patient should follow the doctor's recommended treatment plan.
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