Anemia is a condition in which the blood contains a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for bringing oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from all tissues in the body. When there is a decreased red blood cell count, insufficient oxygen is carried to the tissues. There are several types of anemia with varying degrees of severity.
Causes
There are three main causes for anemia: blood loss, insufficient red blood cell production and increased red blood cell destruction. All of the causes of anemia result in a decrease in red blood cell count, which causes a decrease in oxygen availability. Blood loss is the most common cause of anemia, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Blood loss is most often due to surgery, trauma, cancer or heavy menstrual periods. Insufficient red blood cell production is when the body cannot physically make an adequate amount of red blood cells. It occurs as a result varying conditions including poor diet, hormones, chronic diseases or pregnancy. Anemia can also occur when the body destroys too many red blood cells. An increase in red blood cell destruction can be caused by a diseased spleen or lack of certain enzymes.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of anemia is fatigue, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Other common symptoms of anemia include dizziness, headaches, inability to concentrate, shortness of breath, pale skin and cold hands and feet. Rare symptoms include constipation and tingling sensations.
Tests
Anemia is diagnosed after a physical examination and a series of blood tests. During the physical examination, the doctor will check skin color, listen to the heartbeat and feel for an enlarged liver or spleen. Blood tests to check vitamin and mineral levels will be taken. A red blood cell count will also be taken. A red blood cell count measures the amounts of healthy red blood cells in the blood, according to MedlinePlus. Low red blood cell counts are indicative of anemia.
Complications
If left untreated, anemia can cause a number of complications. Arrhythmias, which are rapid or irregular heartbeats, can develop. Arrhythmias can eventually lead to congestive heart failure, according to MayoClinic.com. Untreated anemia can also cause nerve damage, extreme fatigue and impaired mental function. Some types of anemia are more serious than others, and can lead to life-threatening complications and death.
Treatment
Treatment is based on the specific type of anemia but is generally aimed at increasing the red blood cell count. Treatment options include blood transfusions, corticosteroids, medication to stimulate bone marrow production of red blood cells, and vitamin and mineral supplementation, according to MedlinePlus. Treatment is often combined with nutrition education and support from a dietitian.
