House dust contains many substances that can trigger allergic reactions in people, including dust mite and cockroach particles, spores from indoor molds and animal dander. In response to these allergens, the immune system releases antibodies that trigger symptoms of allergies in some people. An allergist may test for specific allergens to determine what component of house dust a person is sensitive to. However, there are lifestyle adjustments and home remedies one can do to control symptoms of indoor dust allergies.
Dust Mites
Dust mites are the major components of house dust. These microscopic creatures belong to the same family as spiders and ticks and feed on dead human skin, so they thrive in places where people congregate, such as mattresses, pillows, bedding and upholstered furniture. People allergic to dust mites react to the proteins in the mites' body and fecal matter, not to the mite itself, explains the Mayo Clinic.
Other Triggers
Other components of house dust include substances from cockroaches, indoor molds and animals that cause inflammation and other allergic responses. People allergic to cockroaches react to the insect's saliva, fecal matter, secretions, skin casts and body parts, notes the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology or ACAAI. Cockroach allergens are abundant in kitchens, bedroom and bed. Spores from molds trigger allergic reactions in some people. Molds are found in damp surfaces such as bathrooms, basements and kitchens. Allergy-causing substances in animals, such as pets and mice, include proteins from dander, saliva and urine, found and spread through the hair or fur and mixed with other house dust components.
Symptoms
Allergy-causing substances in house dust trigger inflammation of the nasal and air passages. Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is an inflammation of the nasal passages that results in sneezing, runny nose, itchy and watery eye, and nasal congestion. Facial pressure and pain and postnasal drip may occur after persistent exposure to house dust allergens. Some people with allergies to dust mites and animals may also experience airway inflammation and asthma attacks, including mild to severe wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness and coughing when they inhale or contact dust particles, notes the Mayo Clinic.
Treatments
Allergy medications that relieve inflammation may help alleviate symptoms related to house dust allergies. Antihistamines block the action of certain chemicals that trigger allergic reactions and reduce inflammation of the nasal passages and airways. Decongestants shrink swollen nasal tissues and may make breathing easier. Inhaled corticosteroids can relieve asthma symptoms, while nasal spray corticosteroids can relieve nasal congestion and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. People suffering from symptoms triggered by house dust should consult with an allergist to determine the best treatment options.
Prevention
The ACAAI provides several tips for reducing house dust allergens, notably keeping indoor humidity around 55 percent to keep molds from growing. Removing carpets, installing a high-efficiency filter and regular cleaning and vacuuming will lessen the amount of dust particles. Keeping pets out of the bedroom or finding a new home for the pet will reduce the allergens in house dust. Exterminating cockroaches and mice will also help lower the allergens that may be mixed with other dust particles. The AACA also recommends encasing mattresses and pillows in mite-proof covers and washing bed linens with hot water to remove dust mite allergens.
