Periodontitis is a gum infection that causes inflammation of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth. When the bones and ligaments become infected, the bones begin to erode, and they lose their ability to support the teeth. The decreased support can eventually cause tooth loss. Periodontitis is also accompanied by an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Causes
The most common cause of the development of periodontitis is accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth and gums. Over time, pockets form between the teeth and gums and extend down toward the root of the tooth. Plaque and tartar collect in these pockets and cause the soft gum tissue to swell. The swelling traps the plaque and tarter beneath the tooth in an oxygen-free environment, which promotes bacterial growth. The bacterial growth results in infection and development of tooth abscesses. Those with pre-existing conditions such as diabetes, Crohn's disease and AIDS are more susceptible to the development of periodontitis, according to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library.
Symptoms
Early symptoms of periodontitis include bleeding, red gums and bad breath. As the disease progresses, bone is lost, and the tooth loosens and moves. Pain eventually occurs when the tooth shifts enough to cause problems with chewing and the formation of abscesses. Other symptoms include shiny, bright-red gums, swollen gums and gums that bleed easily.
Treatment
Different treatment options are available for periodontitis, depending on the severity of the disease. Treatment for minor cases includes scaling, root planing and antibiotics. Scaling is a cleaning technique that removes plaque and tartar from the tooth and gums. Root planing is a procedure in which the root surface is smoothed to prevent further buildup of plaque and tartar. Antibiotics kill the bacteria that are causing the infection. More severe cases of periodontitis may require surgical treatment. Surgical treatment options include bone removal and reshaping and tissue grafts.
Complications
If left untreated, the bacteria that cause periodontitis can travel through the bloodstream and affect other parts of the body, according to Mayo Clinic. In addition to tooth loss, the circulation of bacteria can cause serious health problems, including coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes, respiratory problems and low birth-weight babies.
Prevention
The best way to prevent periodontitis is a good oral hygiene regimen. This includes brushing after every meal, flossing at least once a day and using an antiseptic mouthwash. A proper brushing and flossing routine should last three to five minutes, according to the Mayo Clinic. Professional cleanings should also be scheduled every six months.
