The teeth and gums allow for proper feeding and also play a role in speech and communication. Each tooth contains two mineralized protective layers--the outer enamel and inner dentin--as well as an inner pulp layer containing cells, nerves and connective tissue. Each tooth is surrounded by aleovolar bone that holds the tooth root in place, as well as gum tissue and ligaments that protect the tooth root. Tooth and gum disorders develop as a result of poor oral hygiene or underlying diseases or conditions that allow for bacterial colonization on the teeth or gums. If left untreated, tooth and gum disorders can lead to serious complications such as abscesses and tooth loss.
Dental Caries
A common disorder of the teeth is a dental carie, or a cavity. Caries are caused by bacterial colonization on the surface of the tooth. The bacteria feed on sugar in the mouth and turn the sugar into acid, which wears down the tooth enamel. Over time, the bacteria form a small hole in the enamel and continue to eat away at the tooth. If left untreated, a dental cavity can eat completely through the enamel layer into the tooth dentin, and ultimately reach the tooth pulp. In extreme cases, a dental cavity may require root canal treatment. Caries can be avoided by limiting intake of sugary foods and maintaining proper dental hygiene.
Gingivitis
Another common disorder of the teeth and gums is gingivitis, a disease characterized by inflammation of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth. Gingivitis develops when plaque, formed by bacteria in the mouth, accumulates on the tooth. The plaque buildup releases irritants that inflame the gum tissue, leading to red puffy gums that bleed easily. Over time, the chronic inflammation damages the lung tissue and the ligaments supporting the teeth, and the gums recede away from the tooth. The University of Maryland Medical Center indicates that gingivitis can develop as a result of an underlying condition such as uncontrolled diabetes or pregnancy, or it can occur due to poor oral hygiene or improper tooth alignment. Maintaining good oral health by brushing and flossing regularly, as well as scheduling regular trips to the dentist, can help prevent or control the development of gingivitis.
Periodontitis
If left untreated, gingivitis can develop into periodontitis, also called pyorrhea. Periodontitis is a more advanced gum disorder that involves the excessive inflammation of the gums, as well as the alveolar bone supporting each tooth. Patients with periodontitis experience recession of the ligaments and bone, exposing part of the root of the tooth and causing loose teeth. The inflamed tissue may also be colonized by bacteria leading to a bacterial infection and dental abscess that further increases the rate of bone loss, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. In the advanced stages, periodontitis leads to tooth loss as the supporting structures for the teeth are lost.
