Understanding what to expect in normal pregnancy can make mothers less anxious about having a baby. Learning the basics about gestational milestones, physical changes and required nutrients, as well as what are safe and appropriate activities, will help an expectant mother through her pregnancy.
Time Frame
Normal human gestation lasts 266 days from conception, give or take six days, according to Helen Varney, CNM and author of the textbook "Varney's Midwifery." When the conception date is unknown, the due date is calculated to be 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period, give or take two weeks. Pregnancy is divided into three sections, or trimesters. The first trimester includes conception, implantation and the embryonic stage, in which cells divide and differentiate to form the basic structures of the brain, heart, spinal cord and other body parts. The second trimester is characterized by rapid fetal growth and the third trimester prepares the infant for life outside of the womb.
Physiological Changes
Nausea is common during early pregnancy and digestion slows down. In the second trimester, maternal weight gain reflects fetal growth, the placenta, the amniotic fluid and the weight of the uterus. Water is retained by the mother's body and fat and proteins are stored. Varney warns that pregnant women are prone to anemia because of a natural increase in blood plasma volume. Breast changes cause a feeling of fullness as secreting glands harden and enlarge, and the nipples darken. Decreased muscle tone in the ureters slows the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ligaments and other connective tissue softens to accommodate and give birth to the fetus.
Nutritional Considerations
A variety of healthy foods are necessary to support pregnancy. The basic nutrients required to maintain growth and normal metabolism are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Proteins are found in meats, fish, soy, milk, eggs, nuts, beans and sprouts. Healthy fats are found in olives, avocados and seeds. Carbohydrates are supplied by whole grains. Fresh fruits and vegetables contain vitamins, minerals and enzymes, which help deliver nutrients to the cells. Probiotics, or friendly bacteria, are found in fermented foods such as kefir. The March of Dimes says pregnant women should not eat raw fish, soft cheeses, luncheon or deli meats, swordfish, shark, king mackerel or tilefish.
Exercise Benefits
Walking, swimming and prenatal yoga are excellent exercises for almost anyone. Pregnant women should not become overheated and should drink plenty of water while exercising. Regular exercise allows a woman to gradually build her endurance, improves blood flow to tissues and improves mood.
Prevention/Solution
During prenatal care visits with a midwife or doctor, women are screened for infections and other conditions that could be serious if left untreated. Routine cultures, blood work and ultrasound imaging are used to monitor the health of both mother and baby. Caregivers also offer education, encouragement and answers to a mother-to-be's questions.
References
- "Varney's Midwifery", Helen Varney, CNM, 2003
- March of Dimes: Food Safety
