Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder among women characterized by small cysts on the outer edge of the ovaries. The cysts are fluid-filled sacs and appear in large numbers. The syndrome usually occurs in women of reproductive age, but can begin to form as early as the age of 11, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Causes
The exact cause of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown, but it is believed that genetic factors play a strong role in the development of the syndrome. Women who have polycystic ovary syndrome are likely to have a mother or sister with the disease as well. Hormonal imbalance is the reason for the development of the cysts. The pituitary gland makes an excess amount of luteinizing hormone while the ovary makes an excess amount of the hormone androgen. A problem with insulin usage is also an underlying factor. Excess insulin in the body can also cause the ovary to make excess androgen, which results in cysts, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians.
Symptoms
The presence of numerous cysts on the ovaries is a common symptom for all women. Other symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome vary from woman to woman, in type and severity. These symptoms include irregular or absent periods, increased hair growth on the body, acne, weight gain, skin tags and pelvic pain.
Complications
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the number one cause for female infertility, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The presence of polycystic ovary syndrome can also result in an increased risk for the development of other health problems. These health problems include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, cancer of the uterus, inflammation of the liver, uterine bleeding and sleep apnea. The development of many of these conditions leads to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Tests
There is no single test to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome. A number of tests are used to determine the presence of cysts on the ovaries and to rule out other possible conditions. A physical examination noting blood pressure, body mass index and weight, as well as a pelvic exam is performed. During this exam, the doctor will check the ovaries for enlargement or swelling due to cysts. A pelvic ultrasound is also done to check for cysts on the ovaries and the lining of the uterus. In addition, blood samples are taken to determine the presence of excess hormones or abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
Treatment
Although there is no cure for polycystic ovary syndrome, there are a number of treatment methods that can be used to control symptoms. The first treatment step is a series of lifestyle modifications aimed at weight loss. A healthy diet combined with regular exercise can result in weight loss, which may help control insulin and androgen levels, according to Mayo Clinic. For women who are not trying to conceive, birth control pills are prescribed in an effort to control the menstrual cycle, which decreases the risk of cancer and prevents abnormal bleeding. For women trying to conceive, fertility medications can be given. If other treatment methods are ineffective, surgery may be considered.
