The central nervous is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Degenerative central nervous system (CNS) diseases are conditions that cause a gradual decrease in nervous system functions, such as balance, movement, speech and memory. These diseases can be genetic or caused by other conditions such as a stroke, tumor or viruses. Most degenerative diseases of the central nervous system do not a have a cure.
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects the brain. Alzheimer’s disease slowly destroys memory and thought processing, and eventually causes an inability to remember how to do simple daily tasks. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, a group of diseases that are characterized by decreasing cognitive functioning.
Damage to the brain begins 10 to 20 years before any symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are present, according to the National Institute on Aging. Once symptoms appear, they include memory loss, inability to complete daily tasks, mood changes, personality changes and poor judgment. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, it is characterized by severe confusion, delusions, paranoia, impulsive behavior and the inability to communicate. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, and treatment focuses on delaying the progression of the disease, and helping maintain memory and cognitive function.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects movement. The disease progresses gradually, and usually begins with a slight hand tremor. Over time, this hand tremor may worsen and be accompanied by slow movement, rigid muscles, impaired posture, speech changes and problems with balance. Dementia often develops in the late stages of Parkinson’s disease. The exact cause is unknown, but is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental factors. Those with Parkinson’s disease also show low levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, according to MayoClinic.com. There is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, and treatment is aimed at lessening symptoms and improving quality of life. Treatment methods include medications, physical therapy and surgery.
Huntington's Disease
Huntington’s disease is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects specific nerve cells in the brain. The disease is genetic and is characterized by a defect on chromosome number 4. Huntington’s disease usually begins in adulthood, but in rare cases can occur during adolescence. Huntington’s disease results in problems with movement as well as behavioral changes which usually precede movement problems and include hallucinations, irritability, moodiness, restless, paranoia and psychosis. Movement problems include jerking of the arms, face and legs, abnormal head turning and facial movement, and unsteady walking, according to MedlinePlus. Dementia also develops as Huntington’s disease progresses. There is no known cure or treatment to stop the progression of the disease. Treatment focuses on lessening symptoms with drug therapy.
