If the heart is unable to maintain a regular rhythm, a pacemaker may be required. As with any type of surgery, there are risks that need to be considered along with the benefits of having the procedure done. The first step is to understand how a cardiac pacemaker works and what issues must be taken into consideration before and after surgery.
Significance
The heart muscle consists of two upper chambers called atria and two bottom chambers called ventricles. The heart chambers contract or beat in response to electrical signals, states the Cleveland Clinic. These electrical signals originate from specialized cells called the SA node, which tells the heart how fast and hard to beat. A healthy heart at rest can beat about 50 to 100 times per minute. This number, called the pulse or heart rate, should get faster if the body is active, and it can go slower during sleep or meditation. Age, medications and disease can cause problems with this electrical system and the heart may develop an abnormal rhythm. The heart rate may slow down, speed up or beats can be skipped.
Benefits
A pacemaker is a metal box with a battery and wires that connect the device to the heart. The wires may connect to just one chamber of the heart or multiple chambers depending on the condition that is causing the abnormal rhythms. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute states that a cardiac pacemaker also contains a computer that monitors the activity of the heart muscle. If the pacemaker determines that the heart rate is too slow, too fast or has stopped, it will take over the job of the SA node and send a signal to the heart to return it to a normal rhythm.
Technique
According to the Texas Heart Institute, in order to insert a pacemaker an incision is made near the collarbone and the electrical wires are then attached to the heart. A physician can use an instrument called a programmer to detect how well the pacemaker is working. The programmer can also be used to make adjustments to the pacemaker as needed. Regular office appointments will be necessary to ensure the pacemaker is working correctly. The unit will need to be replaced about every seven to eight years.
Considerations
Pacemaker surgery usually takes about one to two hours and it will be necessary to stay in the hospital overnight, according to the Cleveland Clinic. During this time, the pacemaker activity will be monitored closely and any necessary adjustments will be made. Chest X-rays will be required to make sure the device is staying in place. It will be necessary to take care of the wound and restrict movement for a while. A physician will advise as to what activities are OK to do.
Warnings
After having a pacemaker implanted, it will be necessary to take precautions around certain devices that can interrupt the electrical signals. Household appliances such as TVs, stereos, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, electric blankets and others are considered safe. However, the American Heart Association warns that there should be limited contact with or exposure to metal detectors, anti-theft systems, MP3 player headphones, MRIs and welding equipment, as well as other types of machinery. After discharge, a health care provider can advise on the best steps to take.
