There are a number of diseases that can affect the lungs, causing them not to work properly. There are three main categories of pulmonary, or lung, diseases: those that affect the airways, those that cause scarring and inflammation of the lung tissue and those that affect the blood vessels in the lungs, according to Medline Plus. Most lung diseases fall into more than one of these categories.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, actually encompasses several diseases that obstruct the flow of air through the lungs. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two diseases that fall under this category. Symptoms of COPD usually do not present until the disease has progressed to a late stage. Symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, chronic cough with discharge and recurring respiratory infections. Most of the time, all of the symptoms are present at the same time. Symptoms often occur in exacerbations, periods when they get worse suddenly, according to MayoClinic.com. The most common treatment for COPD is a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications. In severe cases, surgery may be required.
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the secretory glands, which are responsible for the production of mucus and sweat. Mucus is a substance that is made in the body to keep certain organs moist and prevent infections. Normally, it is watery and slippery, but in those with cystic fibrosis, it becomes thick and sticky. The thick and sticky mucus accumulates in the lungs and eventually obstructs the airways. The mucus also makes an ideal environment for bacteria to grow, which leads to recurring infections that can cause permanent damage to the lungs, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis vary from person to person and in intensity. Symptoms include frequent cough accompanied by bloody mucus, sinus infections, growths in the nose and salty skin. Treatment for cystic fibrosis includes chest physical therapy, exercise and medication.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is a respiratory disorder that causes inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia can be caused by fungi, viruses and bacteria, but bacterial pneumonia is the most serious condition, according to Medline Plus. When an invading substance enters the lung, it is attacked by white cells. Eventually, this causes the air sacs in the lungs to become inflamed and filled with fluid. The most common symptoms of pneumonia are cough, fever, chills and shortness of breath. Other less common symptoms include chest pain, headache, excessive sweating, loss of appetite, fatigue and confusion. Pneumonia is treated based on the cause. Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics and viral pneumonia is treated with antiviral medication.
