Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle, is an herbal remedy mainly used for protecting and healing the liver. The plant gained its nickname from the milky white fluid found inside its leaves and stems. Milk thistle is associated with a few relatively minor negative effects, according to a review of studies published in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) "Evidence Reports." Consult a qualified health care provider before beginning any herbal therapy.
Benefits
Milk thistle extract may protect liver cells by blocking and removing toxins from the liver, explains the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS). Milk thistle shows the ability to regenerate injured liver cells, and it can stop the process of fibrosis, a contributing factor in cirrhosis. Milk thistle extract also may protect the liver from side effects of medications used to treat schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. One study indicates milk thistle protects liver function in children receiving chemotherapy, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).
Active Components
Milk thistle herbal remedies are made from ripe seeds containing the component silymarin, a combination of three nutrients: silybinin, silidyanin and silychristin. These are potent antioxidants, explains the ACS. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals, which are waste products in the body that can cause cell damage and contribute to disease. Silybinin is the most active of these chemical compounds, and is primarily responsible for the health benefits of milk thistle.
Research Problems
Although milk thistle may have beneficial effects on the liver, research has not confirmed these benefits, as noted by the AHRQ. Some published studies were poorly designed, and most research has focused on laboratory tests rather than clinical results. Although these tests sometimes show improved liver function, most published studies have not indicated improved survival rates, according to the ACS. The UMHS notes that research is lacking or contradictory for milk thistle's benefits for people with hepatitis or cirrhosis, but is more consistent for benefits of people with alcohol-related liver disease.
Side Effects and Interactions
Some individuals experience nausea when taking milk thistle, and the herb can also have a mild temporary laxative effect, which could lead to diarrhea. Additionally, some people have allergic reactions to milk thistle, with signs of a rash, hives, itchy or swollen skin, tightness in the throat or chest, or breathing problems. Milk thistle has one identified drug interaction, according to the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The component silybinin can inhibit an enzyme that helps birth control pills work, so taking milk thistle can decrease the effectiveness of these contraceptives.
Dosage
Milk thistle is available as a dried extract in capsules, tablets or powder, and as a liquid extract and tincture. For best results, use an extract of milk thistle standardized to 80 percent silymarin content. Research suggests taking 420 to 600 mg of silymarin per day when using this type of extract for liver disease and impaired liver function, according to the UMHS. Milk thistle extract can be used as long-term therapy for chronic liver disease, as noted by the UMHS.
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