The lungs are critical for taking in oxygen and transferring it into the blood. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as chronic obstructive lung disease, impairs the function of the lungs by making it harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. This can make breathing difficult and lead to other health problems.
Symptoms
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease typically causes respiratory symptoms. One characteristic symptom is a chronic cough, particularly one that produces large amounts of mucus, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute explains. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may also experience shortness of breath, especially after physical activity due to diminished lung function. Other common symptoms include wheezing and chest tightness.
Types
There are two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, though many patients have both types. Emphysema, the first type, results in the lining of the airways becoming inflamed. This inflammation damages some of the elastic fibers in the lungs that are necessary for them to be stretchy, which reduces the ability of the lungs to expand and deflate. Emphysema also can destroy alveoli, which are small air-filled sacs in the lungs needed for gas exchange with the blood. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is marked by inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the airway. Patients with chronic bronchitis may also produce copious amounts of mucus, which can further clog the airway.
Risk Factors
There are a number of risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, notes the Mayo Clinic. The primary risk factor is exposure to tobacco smoke, which includes cigarettes, pipes and cigars. Secondhand smoke can also lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. People who are exposed to irritating fumes and dust particles as a part of their occupation are also more likely to develop the disease. Age and gastroesophageal reflux disease can also increase a person's risk of developing this kind of lung damage. Some cases are caused by a genetic condition, called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
Complications
In addition to problems with breathing, people who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at a greater risk of developing several different health problems. The lung damage makes patients more likely to develop respiratory infections. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can also lead to the development of high blood pressure in the lungs and can increase a person's risk of developing heart disease. The irritation that causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can also lead to lung cancer. Finally, many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also suffer from depression due to their inability to participate in many formerly pleasurable activities.
Treatment
Although there is no cure for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there are a number of treatments that can reduce the symptoms, the Journal of the American Medical Association states. Perhaps the most important is avoidance of tobacco smoke and other irritants. Patients can also take bronchodilators, which are medications that help relax the airway and make breathing easier, as well as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Supplemental oxygen may be needed at night or during periods of activity. Exercise can help patients become more able to do everyday activities. Finally, flu and pneumococcal vaccines can help ward off respiratory infections.
