Drugs to treat alcohol dependence aim at keeping recovering alcoholics sober following detoxification. Sedatives and other medications may be used while an alcoholic goes through withdrawal symptoms, such as shaking, confusion or hallucinations. Three drugs have been approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). The medications help alcohol-dependent patients reduce drinking and achieve abstinence. Other drugs are being investigated for possible benefits in alcohol dependency.
Disulfiram
Disulfiram, an aversion drug, produces physical reactions to drinking that result in flushing, headaches, nausea and vomiting, the Mayo Clinic says. The symptoms may develop following the consumption of a half glass of wine or a half shot of liquor. Effects can last 1/2 hour to 2 hours, depending on dosage and quantity of alcohol. One dose of the drug usually works for one to two weeks. Support from social networks, including family or other recovery alcoholics, makes disulfiram more effective, according to the New York Times. Overdosing on the drug can lead to low blood pressure, shortness of breath and chest pains.
Naltrexone
Naltrexone helps reduce craving for alcohol following abstinence. The pill form is taken daily. For patients who may need more supervision, an injectable, long-acting form of naltrexone is administered by a health care professional once a month. It makes it easier for some recovering alcoholics to use consistently. The injection may have adverse effects for certain patients that include spreading skin infections or abscesses. Swelling, tenderness and bruising may occur. Naltrexone, in pill or injection form, may produce mild nausea, vomiting and stomach pain, which may last temporarily. Liver damage can result from overdosing.
Acamposate
Acamposate, also an aversion drug, may reduce anxiety and insomnia, symptoms that affect people after long abstinence. The drug helps to fight alcohol cravings, the Mayo Clinic says. The drug may reduce frequency of drinking and works effectively when combined with psychotherapy. Side effects include headaches and diarrhea. Acamposate may cause some memory difficulties, but does not interfere with short-term memory.
Promising Drugs
Topiramate, an anti-seizure drug to treat epilepsy, may provide help in treating alcohol dependence. Research suggests patients drink less after taking topirimate compared to subjects given placebo, the New York Times reports. The drug has few side effects that include burning and itching skin, different taste sensations, loss of appetite and concentration problems. Researchers are also looking into baclofen, a muscle relaxant, which may help alcoholics maintain abstinence.
