Head and neck cancers include tumors of the nasal cavity, mouth and throat. The American Cancer Society estimates the diagnosis of more than 49,000 new cases of head and neck cancer in the United States in 2010, with approximately 70 percent of cases occurring in men. Treatment for head and neck cancer often includes radiation therapy. Predictable short- and long-term side effects frequently occur with head and neck radiation treatments.
Skin Irritation
Radiation therapy often irritates the skin in the treatment area, notes Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. The skin frequently becomes red and may peel, similar to a sunburn. Avoidance of harsh soaps and perfumed skin products may help lessen the discomfort of this side effect. The cancer treatment team may prescribe a cream or ointment to soothe the skin.
Mouth Pain and Soreness
The mouth tissues are commonly affected by radiation treatment for head and neck cancer. The National Cancer Institute reports that mouth pain and soreness typically develop within 7 to 10 days of beginning radiation treatment. The mouth tissues frequently become swollen and sore, and ulcers may develop on the inside of the cheeks, on the tongue or on the lips. Spicy, hot, salty and acidic foods often cause further tissue irritation. Salt-water rinses and prescription mouthwashes can help alleviate mouth discomfort during treatment.
Dry Mouth and Taste Changes
Head and neck radiation often decreases saliva production, causing dry mouth. Decreased mouth moisture and radiation effects on the taste buds frequently lead to a diminished or altered sense of taste. Sipping water or cool beverages throughout the day and sucking on ice chips or sugar-free hard candies can help soothe these side effects, according to the American Cancer Society.
Sore Throat and Swallowing Difficulty
The Radiological Society of North America and the American College of Radiology patient information website RadiologyInfo.org advises that sore throat and swallowing difficulties are often the most troublesome side effects of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. In severe cases, these side effects can make it difficult to eat and drink. A feeding tube placed into the stomach may be required to maintain sufficient hydration and nutrition during treatment. After completion of radiation therapy, throat pain and swallowing difficulties gradually resolve, although some residual discomfort may persist in some people.
Jaw Problems
The jaw muscles may stiffen during head and neck radiation treatment, reports the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Gentle jaw-stretching exercises can reduce the discomfort of this side effect and keep the jaw mobile.
Tooth Decay
Radiation-induced mouth dryness and irritation increase the likelihood of tooth decay. Brushing the teeth frequently with a soft toothbrush, flossing and keeping the mouth moist can decrease the chance of developing cavities. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders recommends a visit to the dentist before beginning head and neck radiation to have the teeth cleaned and address any preexisting dental problems.
References
- American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2010
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center: Radiation for Head and Neck Cancers
- National Cancer Institute: Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation, Oral Mucositis
- American Cancer Society: Radiation Therapy to the Head and Neck
- RadiologyInfo.org: Head and Neck Cancer
